Sprayer and Probability Questions Essay Example for Free

Sprayer and Probability Questions Essay1. A real estate military position has been averaging 1.8 sales per day for the past several months. What is the probability that the office will make 4 sales today? .0723 2. A washing machine in a Laundromat breaks down an average of two times per month. What is the probability that the machine will break down more than 28 times in the next year? .1775 3. Flaws occur randomly in a particular fabric with a mean rate of occurance of 1.5 every 5 sqare yards. If you purchase 20 square yards of fabric, what is the probability that there will be at least 5 flaws in your fabric? . 5543 4. A coil of electrify has 500 thous of wire. sound off there are 20 nicks (the most common problem with wire) are randomly distributed on a coil.a) What is the probability that in a 50 metre length of wire there will be at least 7 nicks? .0011 b) What is the probability that in a 31 metre length of wire there will be exactly 3 nick(s)? .0920 5. Two students hav e started a business to seal driveways during the summer months. They rent a pickup transport and a power sprayer. With this they will use a tar based spray to seal asphalt driveways. Past experience has shown that the best time to patsy up customers is to ring their doorbells between 500 and 800 p.m. on any weekday evening. Any jobs that they obtain will be completed the next day. In the months of June. July and august they find that they get an average of 2.9 customers per hour ringing doorbells.a) What is the probability that they will get from 5 to 7 jobs in an evening of soliciting? b) They charge $25 per driveway. If the hand truck costs $45 per day, and the spraying equipment costs $20 per day and the material to seal one driveway costs $6, what is the probability that they will make a profit on any given day.

Time pressure on ambulance drivers Essay Example for Free

Time pressure on ambulance drivers EssayAmbulance drivers are required to make decisions on which highway to follow under measure constraints because every second is counted to save a life. Timmons, 2007 indicated that Decision makers are susceptible to cognitive biases when operating under straining, i. e. , high workload, time pressure, and information ambiguity, pp4. A cognitive bias is defined by Haselton et al. (2005) as the tendency to search for information and alternatives that prove their preconceptions and to discount information that disproves their preconceptions.Kowalski-Trakofler et al. (2003) carried a study to discuss human judgement and decision making under stress. The authors selected recent literatures and carried out a field work to discuss the affect of stress on emergency replyers. They examined coping with stress under time constrains on expert emergency teams. It was think from this research that stress restricts cue sampling, decreases vigilance, reduc es the capacity of functional memory, causes premature closure in evaluating alternative options, and results in task shedding,( Kowalski-Trakofler et al. 2003, p282). They have mentioned a study that identifies emergency decision makers behaviours under stress. This study concluded that these people under stress not yet have the effects of their own stress response and its resulting consequences, the information they must base their judgments on is much unclear, faulty and incomplete, p. 283. The over all conclusion of this study was that the stress under time pressure narrows the decision maker focus whether working apiece or in groupsImpact of traffic congestion on response time 2. 7 Shortest path algorithmic program Shortest paths calculations are unavoidable in passage network analysis applications including emergency medical services such as ambulance navigation systems, (Liang, 2005). The shortest path (or minimum weight path) is defined as calculating the least(prenomi nal) total quad weight or least time weight paths between two locations (Derekenaris et al. , 2000).The quickness of calculating the shortest route for EMS is essential to reduce the respond time needed to route the ambulance vehicles from the dispatch location to the incident scenes (Liang, 2005). Liang pointed out that the problem arises when finding the shortest routes in big urban cities which contain huge itinerary networks that are associated with massive amount of real world roads information(such as traffic information, name of roads, etc) and associated with the available capabilities of the hardware for example the amount of memory utilize to run this algorithm.Engineer (2001) considered two systems that controls and calculate the shortest routes in EMS. First, a centralised system which runs by ambulance control centre personnel, while the other system is called decentralized system in which the shortest path is calculated on board of the vehicles and this system is u sually have limited memory and storage capabilities. He mentioned that an optimal algorithm to find the shortest path in less time is essential especially for decartelised systemZhan and Noon (1998) distinguished three types of shortest path algorithms which are case-by-case partner off, single source and all pairs shortest paths algorithms. Single pair calculates the shortest path between two points in a network, while single source algorithm calculates the shortest path from a point to all other points in a network and finally the all pairs algorithm calculates the shortest path between every pair of points.Borri Cera (2005) explained single pair shortest path algorithm by assigning a first point and second one on a road network. It is possible to calculate the shortest aloofness between these points by minimising the value of infinite linked with each point on the network (also known as impedance) taking into consideration that the a distance variable is associated with each point on the network.They also pointed out that the shortest path can be calculated according to different variable rather than distance one, such as time or monetary cost, pp 954. There are many algorithms for solving shortest paths which have been formulated over the years as a result of different research studies in different fields such as geography, computer sciences and transportations (Goldberg Radzik, 1993).However, there are three main apply algorithms, which are Dijkstras algorithm, Restricted Search Algorithm and A* Search algorithm. ArcView Network Analyst extension uses a modified Dijkstars algorithm that does not only finds the shortest path from one point not another but also it was built to facilitate quick access to the topology of the network data (ESRI help, 1992). In addition, the modification includes a custom memory to manage and deal with very large networks.

Study of Chinas first five year plan

Study of Chinas first five year figureThe industrial system taken over by the Chinese Communist leading in 1949 was non alone rudimentary and war-devastated, but also extremely imbalanced. Over 70% of the industrial assets and output were concentrated in the coastal areas dapple the rest of the country shared the remainder. Within the coastal region, modern industrial production was again heavily concentrated in a few cities, that is to say Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenyang, Anshan, Benxi, Dalian and Fushun accounted for 55% of the total for the coastal region. China was a typical dual economy, in which a few industrial cities were surrounded by large-scale market-gardening. When the Chinese leadership started its efforts at industrialization, it regarded the huge coast- internal imbalance as irrational because, firstly, areas of industrial production were usually too far away from energy and raw materials add up areas and the interior market, meaning substantial long-dist ance transport costs and creating a strain on Chinas undeveloped transport system. Secondly, the rich re germs in the in belt down areas could not be properly exploited. Finally, since the coast was easily exposed to foreign military power, the heavy concentration of fabrication there represented a national gage risk, as was the case during the Second World War. To rectify that regional imbalance, the Chinese leadership decided to pull the levers of centrally directed investment. (Yang, 1990)Land ReformDuring the land reform, a significant fare landlords were murdered at Communist Party gatherings, the land was then given to peasants and there was also the Campaign to Suppress Counter-revolutionaries, involving fair executions of mainly former Kuomintang ex officios, businessmen acc utilize of market disturbances, former employees of Western companies and intellectuals whose loyalty was suspect. In 1976, the U.S. State department estimated around a million may have been kille d during land reform, and a further 800,000 killed in the counterrevolutionary campaign (Shalom, 1984, p24). Mao himself claimed that a total of 700,000 people were executed during the years 1949-53 (Chang Halliday, 2005). However, because there was a policy to select at least one landlord, and usually several, in virtually every village for public execution, the number of deaths ranged between 2 and 5 million. In addition, at least 1.5million people (Short, 2001), perhaps as galore(postnominal) as 6 million were sent to reform through labour camps where many perished (Valentino, 2004). Mao played a personal role in organizing the mass repressions and established a system of execution quotas, which were often exceeded, arguing that these killings were a fatality for securing power.First Five year planChinas first Five-Year Plan entailed the forced provision of cheap unsophisticated supplies to cities, though per capita allocation kept low to dissuade urbanization. In rural area s, production decisions are shifted from households to mutual aid teams, and then to cooperatives where a cadre makes key decisions. Ownership is redefined in the form of state-owned enterprises and collectivized farms. In terms of financial structure, the binding constraints on households and enterprises at this time are coupons, authorizations, and sound outs to deliver. These instruments rather than money determine production and consumption outcomes therefore prices are of secondary coil importance. The Hundred Flowers campaign brings unanticipated criticism, especially from intellectuals, which Mao silences in the repressive anti-rightist campaign.Almost two-thirds of the major projects, including many being built with Soviet aid were find in the interior. notwithstanding allowance made to help rehabilitate war-devastated coastal industrial facilities, n early 56% of the state investment in fixed assets went to the interior during this period. The interior-orientated inves tment policy took its toll in terms of economic efficiency as coastal industrial process was sorely needed as a foundation for the discipline of the whole country. More concentrated efforts at rehabilitation and improvement of old enterprises in the coastal region could have elicitd more neighboring(a) economic pay-offs than making new investments in areas that lacked infrastructural support. Thus, Mao, in his April 1956 speech On the ten great relationships, commented that in the past few years we have not laid sufficient stress on industry in the coastal region so that the productive power of coastal industry could be used for the full development of the whole country, especially the interior. In the same speech, however, Mao also revealed he was in favour of building most of heavy industry, 90% or perhaps still more, in the interior.Worden, Savada and Dolan (1987) discussed how China used a Soviet tone-beginning to economic development was manifested in the First Five-Year Plan. The main intent was a high rate of economic growth, with primary emphasis on industrial development at the expense of agriculture and particular concentration on heavy industry and capital-intensive technology. Large numbers of Soviet engineers, technicians, and scientists assisted in developing and installing new heavy industrial facilities, including entire plants and pieces of equipment purchased from the Soviet Union. presidency control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of hole-and-corner(a), modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises below state control. By 1956 approximately 67.5% of all modern industrial enterprises were state owned, others were under joint ownership. No privately owned firms remained. During the same period, the handicraft industries were unionised into cooperatives, which accounted for 91.7% of all handicraft workers b y 1956.Agriculture also underwent extensive organizational changes. To facilitate the mobilization of agricultural resources, improve the efficiency of farming, and increase government penetration to agricultural products, the authorities encouraged farmers to organize increasingly large and socialized collective units. From the loosely structured, tiny mutual aid teams, villages were to advance first to lower-stage, agricultural producers cooperatives, in which families still received some income on the basis of the amount of land they contributed, and eventually to advanced cooperatives, or collectives.In terms of economic growth the First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. A solid foundation was created in heavy industry. Thousands of industrial and exploit enterprises were constructed, including 156 major facilities. Industrial production increased at an average annual rate of 19% between 1952 and 1957, and national income grew at 9% a year. Despite the lack of state investment in agriculture, agricultural output increased substantially, averaging increases of somewhat 4% a year. This growth resulted primarily from gains in efficiency brought nigh by the reorganization and cooperation achieved through collectivization. As the First Five-Year Plan wore on, however, Chinese leaders became increasingly concerned over the relatively sluggish performance of agriculture and the inability of state trading companies to increase significantly the amount of corpuscle procured from rural units for urban consumption. The First Five-Year Plan was for a long time the only plan that was even partially executed.SecondThe success of the First Five Year Plan encouraged Mao to initiate the grand confine fore, in 1958. Mao also launched a phase of rapid collectivization. The Party introduced price controls as well as a Chinese character simplification aimed at increasing literacy. The ba ng-up Leap was not merely a bold economic project, it was also intended to show the Soviet Union that the Chinese approach to economic development was more vibrant, and ultimately would be more successful, than the Soviet model that had been used previously. Under the economic program, the relatively small agricultural collectives which had been create were rapidly merged into far larger peoples communes, and many of the peasants lucid to work on massive understructure projects and the small-scale production of iron and steel. Some private nutriment production was banned livestock and farm implements were brought under collective ownership.Under the Great Leap Forward, Mao and other companionship leaders ordered the implementation of a variety of unproven and unscientific new agricultural techniques by the new communes. Combined with the diversion of labour to steel production and infrastructure projects and the reduced personal incentives under a commune system this led to an approximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by further 10% reduction in 1960 and no recovery in 1961 (Spence, p.553). To win favour with superiors and avoid being purged, each layer in the party hierarchy exaggerated the amount of grain produced under them and based on the fabricated success, party cadres were ordered to requisition a disproportionately high amount of the true harvest for state use primarily in the cities and urban areas but also for export, which resulted in the rural peasant snot left enough to eat and millions starved to death in the largest shortage in human history. This famine was a direct cause of the death of some 30 millions of Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962 and about the same number of births were scattered or postponed. Further, many children who became emaciated and malnourished during years of hardship and struggle for survival, died shortly after the Great Leap Forward came to an end in 1962 (Spence, p.553).The famine was due to Maos leaning heavily on mass mobilization to speed up industrial development. The Great Leap emphasized heavy industry in general, and the iron and steel industry in particular. In any case, the Great Leap came to be a leap into disaster and was a major cause of Chinas worst famine (1959-61). During this period state investment in industrial assets in the interior go along to increase. It averaged 59.4% of the national total during 1958-62 and further grew to 62-5% in the post-Leap adjustment period (1963-65). In the meantime, worsening Sino-Soviet relations and U.S. involvement in Vietnam led Chinas leaders to perceive a greater need for enhancing its national defence capabilities. As a result, despite the much felt post-crisis need to invigorate existing industrial production and reclaim consumption levels, Mao in 1964 ruled in favour of building more defence-orientated industries in the interior so that Chinas industrial infrastructure would survive a foreign invasion and pr ovide for a protracted defensive war. (Yang, 1990, p.236-7) As part of this push for hierarchical organization and revolutionary thinking, Mao initiates the Peoples Commune campaign to foster a communist-agrarian society. Bad incentives and bad weather bring the famine of 1960 with its accompanying economic turmoil, starvation, and rural revolt. Twenty to thirty million people fall behind their lives through malnutrition and famine (Fairbanks 1987, p.296). The failure of the Great Leap Forward and the Peoples Commune Movement created the first open split within the ranks of communist leaders. Furthermore, a major rift opens with the Soviets, leading to a break in relations and Russian aid flows. (Jaggi et al., WP 1996)The Great Leap Forward was a disaster for China. Although the steel quotas were officially reached, almost all of it made in the countryside was useless lumps of iron, as it had been made from assorted scrap metal in homemade furnaces with no reliable source of fuel such as coal. At the Lushan Conference in 1959, several leaders expressed concern that the Leap was not as successful as planned. The most direct of these was Minister of Defence and Korean War General Peng Dehuai. Mao, fearing loss of his position, orchestrated a purge of Peng and his supporters, stifling criticism of the Great Leap policies. Senior officials who reported the truth of the famine to Mao were branded as right opportunists (Becker, 1998). A campaign against right opportunism was launched and resulted in party members and ordinary peasants being sent to camps where many would subsequently die in the famine. The party have now concluded that 6 million were wrongly punished in the campaign. (Valentino, 2004, p. 127)The largest man-made famine on record was the Chinese famine of 1958-1961, which resulted in the death of an estimated 30 million people and approximately the same number of births lost or postponed. This famine was thought to be as a direct result of the dec ision by Mao Zedong to launch the Great Leap Forward, a mass mobilization of the population to achieve economic advancement. Mao followed the Stalinist ideology of heavy industry being the answer to economic advancement, peasants were ordered to lay off all private food production and instead produce steel which proved to be of extremely poor quality and of little or no use (Smil, 1999). This created a similar pattern to that of the loss of grain production needed to feed the population as seen in the Ukraine in the 1930s,by the spring of 1959 famine had affected people living in one-third of Chinas provinces. Until the mid 1980s, when official census figures were finally published by the Chinese Government, little was known about the scale of the disaster in the Chinese countryside, as the handful of Western observers allowed access during this time had been restricted to model villages where they were deceived into believing that Great Leap Forward had been a great success. There was also an assumption that the flow of individual reports of starvation that had been reaching the West, primarily through Hong Kong and Taiwan, must be localized or exaggerated as China was continuing to claim record harvests and was a net exporter of grain through the period. Because Mao wanted to pay back early to the Soviets debts totalling 1.973 billion yuan from 1960 to 1962, exports increased by 50%. (ONeill, 2008)Censuses were carried out in China in 1953, 1964 and 1982. The first attempt to analyse this data in order to estimate the number of famine deaths was carried out by Dr Judith Banister. Given the gaps between the censuses and doubts over the reliability of the data, an accurate figure is difficult to ascertain. Banister concluded that the official data implied that around 15 million excess deaths incurred in China during 1958-61 and that based on her modelling of Chinese demographics during the period and taking account of fictitious underreporting during the fam ine years, the figure was around 30 million. The official statistic is 20 million deaths, as given by Hu Yaobang (Short, 2001).ThirdTemporary realignment of semipolitical power, from Mao to Liu Shaoqiretrieval policies informed by pragmatismReadjustment of priorities Agriculture, Light, HeavyTake agriculture as the key linkAgriculture as the foundation of the economy grain as thefoundation of the foundationReorganisation of agricultural institutional framework communeproduction brigade, production teamIntroduction of grain importsRetrenchment in industryThird Five year Plan (1966-1969) tasks included developing agriculture to feed the populace and meet other basic needs (such as clothing) strengthening national defence (a priority given Chinese concerns of a potential war) advancing technology developing infrastructure encouraging economic self-reliance. again striving to expand his command over the Party, Mao orchestrates the Cultural Revolution. Early stages of the movement en tail a struggle against the so called antiparty clique, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. Mao calls on the youth as Red Guards to spread revolutionary zeal. They make a specialty of attacking professionals and intellectuals, and wreak havoc on the educational system. Begun as a political struggle, the Cultural Revolution paralyzes normal life and throws the economy into turmoil.FourthThe Cultural Revolutionchange political successiondiscipline government bureaucracyproduce a new generation of revolutionary successorsintroduce egalitarian policy initiativesTransfer of political power from pragmatic economictechnocrats to radical elements of CCP (esp. gang of four) terce elements of Cultural Revolution economic strategyself-sufficiencyegalitarianismthe Third FrontCultural Revolution as an urban, not rural, phenomenon industry, not agriculture, the major failureThe Fourth Five Year Plan was more successful than anticipated, with the industrial and agricultural goals exceeded by 14.1% and industrial gross output value goals by 21.1%. boorish gains also exceeded goals, but more moderately, with a 2.2% rise above expectations. According to the Official Portal of the Chinese Government, however, the focus on accumulation and rapid development in this and preceding plans were impediments to long-term economic development In September 1970, the Plan was drafted with such goals as maintaining an annual growth rate of 12.5% in industry and agriculture as well as specific budget allowances for infrastructure construction (130 billion yuan during the Plan). In 1973, some of the specific provisions of the plan were amended to lower the targets. All targets had been reached or surpassed by the end of 1973. China experienced a vibrant economy in the years 1972 and 1973.ConclusionIn conclusion, Maos five year plans, during his time as Chairman of the CPC, were not only enabled China to grow in terms of GDP, but enabled amend rates of literacy, improved living standar ds if only slightly, some elements of trade liberalisation occurred and a focus on agriculture was eventually made in order to develop food securities, there was some industrialisation and investment in infrastructure. The growth was mainly export-led as GDP per capita did not drastically increase, infrastructure investment rose to a level allowing China to uphold its ability to It therefore can be argued that although many millions of people suffered due to Mao, that China today has partly benefited from the Mao years, although I believe that if Mao had not been kept unaware of the situation that arose in the Great Leap Forward years, that the suffering and deaths that occurred could have been avoided.

Human Trafficking In Cambodia Criminology Essay

serviceman Trafficking In Cambodia Criminology EssayHuman trafficking is considered as one of the most snarly issues in today worlds society. Since this problem happens throughout the world, it is necessary to deal with it globally. For ASEAN level, pitying trafficking is one of the transnational crimes that organize place across national borders or take place within one country but their consequences significantly affect a nonher country. Likewise, Cambodia also faces with this kind of serious crime as a transit, origin, and recipient nation.I.1 Types of gracious traffickingThere atomic number 18 many typewrites of human trafficking. One of them is the forced labor. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), forced labor is a field of study or service exacted from a psyche under threat or penalty which includes penal sanctions and the loss of beneficials and freedom. another(prenominal) type is internal ontogeny. In this type of trafficking, traffickers r esort to deception in terms of recruitment particularly through the promising of well-paid jobs, yet victims who have been abroad are locked in apartments with their passports confiscated by traffickers who drag them to work in prostitution. Victims are promised that they will get freedom only after earning for the cost of their purchase price as well as their incite and visa costs. Other type of human trafficking is organ removal, and the victims of such trafficking mostly are children. The children are removed their organ for the purpose of begging and peddling (selling piffling equipment, flowers and cigarettes). Besides these, forced marriage also considered as one type of human trafficking. The practice of forced marriage occurs on a significant collection plate today. In Cambodian society, especially in rural areas we can see that parents always forced their daughter to marry to foreigner on the hope of amend their living condition. Unfortunately, their daughter somehow e xploited by foreigner as domestic workers or sex slaves. Last but not least, illegal sufferance of children is also another solve of human trafficking since it involves the selling and buying children or baby illegally between parents and buyers. In this kind of trafficking, due to unclear family device or unwanted pregnancy, parents often sell their kids to buyers for the purpose of adoption as they are poor. This is also kind of human trafficking since it is not legally recognized.After macrocosm aware of all types of human trafficking, it is also important to turn in who the trafficker and the trafficked are. Traffickers are recruiters, transporters or exploiters. However, mostly women play a role during the recruitment and using process. For instance, she might be the one who go to contact the victim directly. Then, male trafficker is the transporters and managers during the victimization process within the trafficking network. For the trafficked person, adult women are m ostly know as victims followed by children. Plus, men are victims of human trafficking as well.II. Current situationVictims of human trafficking in Cambodia particularly men, women, and children are trafficked for sexual and labor exploitation in Thailand, Malaysia, Macao, and Taiwan.Specifically, men are trafficked for forced labor in the agriculture, fishing, and construction industries while women are trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced labor in factories or as domestic servants.For instance, they might be serving as house keeper and maid for looking after their bosss child. Furthermore, it is not surprisingly that children are creation trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced labor such as begging, flower selling and so on. As the transition, Cambodia is a transit country for human trafficking from Vietnam to Thailand and as the destination, Cambodia is a destination country for victims of sexual exploitation from Vietnam and China especially, women and children. In fact, internal trafficking in Cambodia is considered to be predominantly for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation basically in urban and tourist areas, including to Phnom Penh and to Sihanouk Ville. Increasingly, young women are being recruited to work in karaoke, beer garden, bar, club and so on. These women are employed as a job in a restaurant or as a waitress in an entertainment place. Even though they are often not physically forced to have sex with clients, the women still face with sexual harassment committed by their customer while they work. Besides this, currently trafficking in children, particularly very young children and children who are disabling are also recruited to sell stuffs which in clued newspaper and flowers on the streets. A small number are recruited for work in other sectors, such as domestic work or in restaurants. Trafficking from Cambodia also takes place for the purpose of labor exploitation in a number of industries, including construction and so on. What is more, Cambodian men are being trafficked to work in Thailands fishing industry suffer from long running(a) hours, dangerous working conditions and physical abuse.III. Causes and Effects of human trafficking in CambodiaHuman trafficking in Cambodia is caused by many factors. One of the most important causes of human trafficking is poverty. need is an important factor which has increased women and childrens vulnerability to human traffickers particularly the poor and unemployed since they have will to join or they are level of ken on the dangers associated with human trafficking is low. Poverty again is considered as the main root behind their decisions that make they decide to migrate for work. In addition to poverty, the want of reading and unemployment there are also significant social and culture factors that contribute to human trafficking. For instance, culture norms that perpetuate a lack of respect women increase the likelihood of them being exploited. Similarly, the perception of children as wage earners also increases the likelihood of them being trafficked. Moreover, the low level of teaching, family debt, agriculture failure, lack of land and off-season work were pushing nation to the big cities or other countries as the men go into construction, women into services and prostitution. Last but definitely not least, broken families, disaster, uneven economic development, lack of border controls, socio-economic imbalance between the rural and urban areas, increased tourism, unsafe migration are also significant contributing factors to human trafficking.After getting to know the roots of human trafficking, it is also important to understand its cores. In fact, human trafficking has many consequences. First, the spread of HIV/AIDS is one of the consequences of human trafficking. For instance, many victims of human trafficking are physically and sexually abused. Trafficked women are often not in a position of negotiate safe sex, or lack access to education about HIV/AIDS. Therefore, they can transmit the disease to the next customers. That is the reason that HIV/AIDS can spread from one person to another person easily. The victims not only suffer from HIV/AIDS, but also often suffer from stigmatization by their communities. Moreover, many are treated as criminals by officials in countries of transit and destination due to their irregular status in the country, and their status as illegal workers or sex workers. What is more, human trafficking is generating the violation of human right. As we know that the victims are forced to do the prostitute and other kind of exploitations. In this case, there will be a human right violation concern.IV. Solutions of Cambodian GovernmentIn fact, The proud Government of Cambodia does not stand still without taking any actions. For this reason, the political sympathies has implemented several mechanisms. The starting signal mechanism is the prosecution. It is making som e many significant efforts for example, the judicature created a national anti-trafficking task force to improve the interagency response to trafficking and coordination with civic society, increased integrity enforcement action against traffickers and complicit officials, and undertook prevention activities. Besides this, in February 2008, Cambodias new Law on the Suppression of Human Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation was declared wisely and went into effect immediately. This law provides enforcement authorities and the power of investigate all forms of trafficking, and it is also a powerful tool in efforts to prosecute and convict traffickers and make them face with exacting punishments. The Ministry of Interior (MOI) reported 53 trafficking cases from April 2007 to March 2008, thirty-five cases were sex trafficking involving 60 victims and 11 were labor trafficking cases involving 106 victims. The MOI reported that 65 traffickers were arrested during the reporting period. The Phnom Penh Municipal Court convicted 52 trafficking offenders. The MOI Department of Anti-Trafficking and Juvenile Protection reported 52 cases, involving 65 trafficking offenders. There is also a figure that we get from non-state actors such as NGOs. For instance, NGOs reported 19 labor trafficking cases. In February 2008, Prime see Hun Sen ordered the Ministry of Commerce to annul business licenses for marriage agencies, calling that kind of business is also a form of human trafficking. Another mechanism of combating human trafficking in Cambodia is the protection. The Royal Government of Cambodia improved its efforts in providing protection to victims of trafficking while continuing to rely on NGOs and multinational organizations. Victims are not treated as criminals. For instance, the victims are provided with education or skill in order to make them have jobs to support their living. For foreign victims, they are provided temporary residence in shelters, educatio n, and counseling services while they are waiting for repatriation. Last but definitely not least mechanism is the prevention. The Royal Government of Cambodia demonstrated concrete efforts to prevent trafficking. In April 2007, the government established a National Task Force (NTF) comprising 11 government ministries, three government agencies, and more than 200 international and local NGOs. The NTF has an oversight mechanism known as the High Level Working Group, chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior. This illustrated that this is the first time that we have such coordinated anti-trafficking efforts across government ministries and agencies, and also civil society. In coordination with civil society, the NTF launched a nationwide anti-trafficking motility using positive messages incorporating Khmer values and cultural traditions to inspire Cambodians to take action against human trafficking. The campaign emphasized trafficking as a national priority and la unched a national dialogue on trafficking via public forums across Cambodia. More interestingly, Cambodia also has international cooperation in combating human trafficking.V. ConclusionI would recommend Cambodian government continue the implementation of the anti-trafficking mechanisms and provide law enforcement mechanisms to government officials on the new law. Moreover, significantly improve the number of prosecutions, convictions, and punishments of trafficking persons. What is more, the government should continue to enhance cooperation and collaboration with civil society under the direction of the National Task Force. Last but definitely not least, government of Cambodia should increase efforts to prosecute sex tourists and those facilitating commercial sexual exploitation of children. In addition to that, here is also another general recommendation such as protect the rights of victims. According to the UN principle on Human Rights which states that the human rights of traffi cked persons shall be at the center of all efforts to prevent and combat trafficking and to protect, assist and provide redress to victims., the needs and rights of victims should be considered at every play in proceedings. Furthermore, in order to prevent and protect successfully, the demand of customers should be reduced since the demand reduction must be linked to the prevention and protection. Another recommendation is the establishing of policies. The complexities of the trafficking problem require efforts by relevant entities at the local, national, regional, and international levels. Therefore, it is vitally to form partnership with intergovernmental organizations, governments, NGOs, international organizations, communities and families confronted with trafficking.

Patricia Hill Collins Views On Feminism

Patricia knoll Collins Views On FeminismAs a standstill libber, Patricia Hill Collins continuously argues that womens liberationist studies should be practiced from the standpoint of women or particular groups of women who ar not as egocentric to think they understand certain aspects of the world. Because of the differences that women have, many another(prenominal) standpoint feminist now recognize this fragment of women and how it is impossible to claim one universal experience for women. Sexism occurs so miraculously that it is important to view it in relation to separate systems of domination and analyze how it interacts with other classes in Collins matrix of domination. Collins does this through the conceit of low-spirited feminist point of view.Collins is embedded in this idea that despite prospicient standing claims by aristocrats women, African the Statesns, Latinos, and other downgraded groups in America remain incapable of producing the type of analytical fantasy t hat is labeled as a feminist theory. People with powerful knowledge of resistance trampled former social structures of social and cultural inequality abandon this view. Members of these downgraded groups do in fact theorize and our tiny social theory has been central to political empowerment and the search for justice. This led to Collins publishing Black feminist Thought. Collins is above all interested with the relationship among empowerment, knowledge, and self-definition with a primary focus on abusive women. It is the oppression with which she is most personally familiar. But Collins is also one of the few sales booth and Social thinkers who are able to rise above their own experience. She challenges us with a significant view of oppression and other views that not only has the accident of changing the world but also of opening up the likelihood of continuous change. To her, for change to be continuous, it cant be exclusively focused on one social group. In other words, to be continuous, a social movement that is only concerned with racial inequality will end its wee once equality for that group is achieved. Collins gives us a way of transcending specific politics that is dwelling housed upon Black Feminist Epistemology. Her intent is to place black womens experiences in the center of analysis without privileging those experiences. Basically we can learn from black womens knowledge.There are so many major trends that influence her to do so much of her work. She has sociological significance in a few different areas of which the content of her ideas has been influenced by on-going dialogue in many sociological societies. This has showed that in just about way women are gaining much of a voice. For instance in her popular book From Black Power to Hip-Hop Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism, this examines the debated spaces of racism, feminism, nationalism, and popular culture in an essay to expand the struggle for a really democratic society for th e whole universe. She highlights specific themes to truly hint the struggle of place in society. The book is shared out into 3 parts Race, Family, and the US Ethnicity, Culture, and Black Nationalist politics and Feminism, Nationalism, and African American women. She is careful with words, she reclaims the term Black women for its globalizing potential to include more than America women of African descent. She redefines the group, she states, a unifying language that women of African descent and women who are rendered socially Black in and outside the US can use to describe their submits as racial and ethnic women (Collins 23). With this said early on in the book, one anticipates a broader view to reframe black feminist thought in the global eye. not necessarily to analyze everything but to at least rethink the effects of transnational migration on urban environments in America. Collins highlights these shifts in black identity, in ways of how we discuss black experience, race rel ations, and how contemporary feminist redefine themselves as women of color. In spite of that, Collins sticks closely to the familiar ground of African American urban communities and their related feminist theories and practices. She is concerned with the development of contemporary black feminist thought into social movement and its expansion into multiracial incorporated identity politics. Hip Hop is the dominant cultural expression in many black womens lives, but it is just one part in the mixed of her matrix of domination. Because of our influence of Hip-Hop and other trends of society she tries to influence us to put into practice the collective identity of politics. She tries to influence into creating a group base identity while avoiding group based essentialism. She wants us to detach ourselves from this intricate and worldwide place of domination without falling into more temptation.It doesnt seem like she has many forerunners that truly influence her to do all of what sh e has done. She is more influenced by herself. She gives her opinion of what she thinks females (mostly black females) need to achieve and prove, and how others should understand and learn. As mention before she operates on the Matrix of Domination. This is a sociological theory that explains issues of oppression that deal with race, gender, and class. Even though these issues are classified differently they all are connected in a way. Other forms such as age, end up, gender, and religion apply to this too. Collins introduces this in her book Black Feminist Thought Knowledge, cognizance, and Politics of Empowerment. Many feminist have contributed a great deal of research to help her in an advantage. Although, it seems Collins has had a little bit of help from Alice perambulator and her view of black women and feminism, in which she changes to Womanism.Walkers construction of Womanism was an attempt to establish the true black woman in history and culture and to change the negativ e and inaccurate stereotypes that are condition to black women. Walker lists the black woman as a thinking subject who is always seeking knowledge. She interrogates the epistemological exclusions she endures in intellectual life and everyday and feminist intelligence. Walker also highlights the black womans strength, capability, and independence. Opposed to feminism, Womanism presents an alternative for black women by framing their survival through men and women. In Black Feminist Thought, Collins states, Many black women view feminism as a movement that at best is exclusively for women, and, at worst, dedicated to attacking or eliminating men Womanism seemingly supplies a way for black women to address gender-oppression without attacking black men (Collins 11). Collins seems agreeable in this case of Womanism and seems to be that Alice Walker is a versatile influence upon her. Collins goes into a lot of depth about Womanism in her book, a great impact on the Matrix of Domination.P atricia Hill Collins outlined America Black Feminism through the expression in music, fiction, poetry, and oral history. She continuously saw and pointed out three themes. The oppressions are link up greatly through the different points. Black women create alternative world views for self-definition and self determination. Black women also have often incorporated imposed and restraining definitions of who they are. They curiously do this by revitalizing concepts of beauty, skin color, and physical body notions. Collins also points to areas that have been overlooked many times. Gender roles within family and work, politics, violence, and homophobia all need to be revitalized also.Collins draws on black womens experiences and voices to explain concepts that have been obscured institutionally and ideologically. Her interdisciplinary methodology engages an analytical approach to domination and subordination. She rejects defensive thought because either/or thinking categorizes people, things, and ideas in terms of their differences from each other. She stresses the both/and analysis because it could transform the way in which we think about the claims in knowledge. Her work has made Afro-centric and feminist thought more liable, broader in view, and more essential. She forces her readers to think differently and to reexamine the way in which truth and knowledge are thought to be, produced, and approved. This helps us to realize the importance of our gender society. This is some knowledge of why she seems to be an important figure in the evolution of gender studies. She gives her opinion with semiprecious information to back it up.Collins largely devotes a significant amount of work to present intellectual ideas mixed with everyday life ideas in an tender way. This gives more of an encouragement for black females and other races to say what they feel, to give their opinion straightforward as can be. Her book Black Feminist Thought Knowledge, Consciousness and th e Politics of Empowerment seems to be one of the most contributing books that she has published for the general public, but with a focus for black women. She reanalyzes race, gender, and class as an booking system of oppression. She talks about the lack of womens experiences as blood-mothers and other-mothers. The community reveals that there is a norm of a heterosexual, married couple, with a husband earning the money. This is far from being natural, universal, and preferred but instead is deeply embedded in specific race and class formations. Placing African American women in the center of analysis not only reveals much needed information about black womens experiences but also questions what perspective we give them. Black womens actions in group survival evoke a vision of community that stands in opposition to that extent in the dominant culture. This community is seen as arbitrary and fragile, structured accordingly by rival and domination. Afro-centric models of community stress connections, caring, and personal accountability. As cultural workers African American women have rejected the generalized ideology of domination in order to safety device the conceptualizations of the community. According to Collins, black women have been unable to spend time theorizing about alternative conceptualizations of community. Instead, through daily actions black women have strongly created alternative communities that truly empower themselves. Experiences as mothers, other-mothers, educators, labor women, and community leaders seem to suggest that power as energy can be encouraged by resistance. In Fighting Words Black Women and the Search for Justice, Collins states, The spheres of influence created and sustained by African American women are not mean to solely to leave a respite from oppressive situations or a retreat from their effects. Rather, these black female spheres of influence constitute potential sanctuaries where individual black women and men are nu rtured in order to confront oppressive social institutions (Collins 56).Collins explores an astonishing veer of ideas and images through history, sociology, and popular culture. Rather than debate the dominance of race versus sex in the history of social injustice to black women and other races Collins offers a theory of Intersectionality, viewing race, gender, and sexuality together. She explores the social and personal implications of historical images and more current concerns about the influence of urban culture and how its glorified. Demonstrating how the politics of race has traditionally neglected concerns about gender and sexual orientation, Collins explores a range of issues, advocating certain aspects of cultural situations.

Essay on Rationality in Homer’s Odyssey -- Homer Odyssey Essays

The Importance of Rationality in Homers Odyssey   In the epic poem, Odyssey, Homer provides examples of the consequences of automatic and irrational thinking, and the rewards of planning and rationality.  Impulsive actions prove to be very harmful to Odysseus. His decisions when he is escaping the cave of the Cyclops lead to almost all his troubles through his journey. As Odysseus flees the cave, he yells back Cyclops - if any man on the face of the earth should ask you who blinded you, shamed you so - say Odysseus, raider of cities, he gouged out you eye. This enrages the giant, and he prays to Poseidon grant that Odysseus, raider of cities, Laertes son who makes his home in Ithaca, never reaches home. Or if hes fated to see his people once again, let him obtain home late and come a broken man - all shipmates lost, alone in a strangers ship - and let him find a macrocosm of pain at home In the end, all these things the Cyclops asks come to pass. Odysseus also makes the mistake of ignoring Circes command. Circe had said to forgo putting on fighting gear, or the monster Scylla result cause his crew harm. But now I cleared my mind of Circes orders - cramping my style, urging me not to arm at all. I donned my heroic armor, seized long spears in both my hands and marched out on the half-deck. Because he ignores those orders given by Circe, the six headed monster Scylla snatches six of the crewmembers and eats them alive.   The impulses of Odysseus crewmembers also blank out his journey. The ship had reached the Aeolian Island, home of Aeolus the master of all winds. He gave Odysseus a bag binding inside the winds that how from every quarter, with the power to calm them down or rouse them as he pleased... ...cates stories of his journeys for them. He even fools his son, Telemachus, for a time, all to ensure that his plans are not compromised. Eventually he reveals himself to his son, saying, No other Odysseus will ever return to you. Odysseus ca rries out his plans carefully and methodically. He even has the gall to speak to his own wife, never telling her of the truth. He plans the suitors deaths, first to surprise them when he strings his own bow, much to the surprise of the suitors. Odysseus quickly and brutally kills the suitors with help from Athena and Telemachus. He covers up the slaughter inside his house by leaping and singing, and people who walked by outside thought A miracle - someones married the queen at last   It is easily seen that throughout Homers Odyssey, rationality and slippery thinking prevails over impulse and irrationality.  

The Need for a Pariah Exposed in Those Who Walk Away From Omelas Essay

The Need for a Pariah Exposed in Those Who Walk Away From Omelas approving action is perhaps the semipolitical hot potato of the decade. Its divisiveness has escalated racial tensions all across the nation, in forums political and academic. It also creates problems on a daily basis for millions of Americans in the workforce, education, housing, and so forth. Affirmative action, by its very definition, uses discrimination to flak to create equality. Its ultimate goal is to make everyone equal to everyone else- intellectually, ability-wise, and (d be I say?) socially. What the proponents of this racial and gender communism do not realize is that society can only function in the absence of complete equality. Society is always in need of someone - be it a nationality, religion, or gender - to look d admit on. This point is most clearly made in the short story Those Who Walk Away From Omelas, a 1973 work by Ursula K. Leguin. The central message of Omelas is that society needs a pariah - someone to look down on in order to maintain its own happiness. Omelas begins amidst a festival in the seemingly utopian city of Omelas. People are in a holiday spirit on this day, as they are every other day in Omelas. Mirth and good cheer seems to be the moods of all of the citizens. Though blissful, these people are by no mode ignorant They were not simple folks, you see, though they were happy...They were not less complex than us. The seemingly perfect city offers something to please every taste festivals, good-natured orgies, drugs that arent habit-forming, beer, and so on. The citizens of Omelas have a complete love of life. There is no war, no hunger, no strife in short, Omelas seems like the pinnacle of perfection. ... ...t this system is mark a racist or narrow-minded. Hence, those who would oppose favorable action are becoming the objects of scorn and derision this coupled with the fact that they are discriminated against by affirmative action policies means that th ey have become the pariahs Leguinss story is now an allegory for them- they are now they small child, trapped and abused in the closet. So, in its attempt to eliminate discrimination and the oppressed society, affirmative action has created one instead Few who support affirmative action because they loathe bigotry realize that by doing so they are themselves bigots. Leguins powerful statement that the pariah culture is omnipresent rings true when one considers that the pariah culture is merely perpetuated by the attempt to eradicate it. Works CitedUrsula K. Le Guin, Those Who Walk Away from Omelas