History of linux Essay Example for Free

History of linux Essay The History of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by a Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, to create a new operating system kernel. Since then the resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to its state in 2009 of over 370 megabytes of source under the GNU General Public License. Events leading to creation The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in the 1960s and first eleased in 1970. Its availability and portability caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses. Its design became influential to authors of other systems. In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU project with the goal of creating a free UNIX-Iike operating system. As part of this work, he wrote the GNU General Public License (GPL). By the early 1990s there was almost enough available software to create a full operating system. However, the GNU kernel, called Hurd, failed to attract enough attention from developers leaving GNU incomplete. Another free operating system project in the 1980s was the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). This was developed by UC Berkeley from the 6th edition of Unix from ATT. Since BSD contained Unix code that ATT owned, ATT filed a lawsuit (USL v. BSDi) in the early 1990s against the University of California. This strongly limited the development and adoption of BSD. MINIX, a Unix-like system intended for academic use, was released by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in 1987. While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted. In addition, MINXs 16-bit design was not well adapted to the 32- it features of the increasingly cheap and popular Intel 386 architecture for personal computers. These factors and the lack of a widely-adopted, free kernel provided the impetus for Torvaldss starting his project. He has stated that if either the GNU or 386BSD kernels were available at the time, he likely would not have written his own. The creation of Linux In 1991, in Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that later became the Linux kernel. It was initially a terminal emulator, which Torvalds used to access the large UNIX servers of the university. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he as using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development was done on MINIX using the GNU C compiler, which is still the main choice for compiling Linux today (although the code can be built with other compilers, such as the Intel C Compiler). As Torvalds wrote in his book Just for Fun, he eventually realized that he had written an operating system kernel. On 25 August 1991, he announced this system in a Usenet posting to the newsgroup comp. os. minix. The name Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention Freax, a portmanteau of freak, free, and x (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, he stored the files under the name Freax for about half of a year. Torvalds had already considered the name Linux, but initially dismissed it as too egotistical. In order to facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server (ftp. funet. fi) of FUNET in September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds coworker at the University of Helsinki who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that Freax was a good name. So, he named the project Linux on the erver without consulting Torvalds. Later, however, Torvalds consented to Linux. To demonstrate how the word Linux should be pronounced, Torvalds included an audio guide with the kernel source code. Linux under the GNU GPL Torvalds first published the Linux kernel under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity. The software to use with the kernel was software developed as part of the GNU project licensed under the GNU General Public License, a free software license. The first release of the Linux kernel, Linux 0. 01, included a binary of GNUs Bash shell. In the Notes for linux release 0. 1 Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux. In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0. 12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0. 99 using the GNU GPL.

Personal Statement for College Application

Personal Statement for College Application My College Right after high school, I plan to attend McLennan Community College. The main reason I choose this college is because it is very affordable and its close to home. I want to study Radiology and this school offers a good associates program for this. I would want to earn my bachelors degree from Texas Tech University. Texas Tech has always been a dream school for me, but unfortunately my family does not have the money to support me at that university. Either way Im happy to stay close to my family and go to McLennan Community College. My older siblings encouraged me to choose MCC, they showed me the different programs they offer, scholarship opportunities, and what really impressed me was the University Center they have. McLennan Community College is located in Waco, TX and was established in 1965 by the citizens of McLennan County. The college offers two year associates degrees, technical and vocational courses. The mission of the school is to engage, educate, and enrich the community. MCC has core values that effect all choices, decisions, and actions of the college. The core values are excellence, integrity, innovation, inclusion, collaboration, stewardship, sustainability, and accountability. The University Center at MCC is a partnership with several four-year state universities that offer degree programs on MCCs campus. It offers students the opportunity to earn affordable bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees. MCC also offers many scholarships to incoming students and current students. The top scholarships are the presidential, honors, first generation, and McLennan scholars. They also have some student organizations such as Hispanic Student Association, Student Council, and MCC Womens Leadership Association. The McLennan tartan, the wool fabric with the distinctive plaid pattern of the McLennan clan, is the official college banner. The mascot is the Highlander, a Scottish warrior in battle dress with a sword and shield, they call him Mac. There is baseball, mens basketball and golf, for women there is softball, golf and womens basketball. My first semester at MCC I plan on taking four of the recommended core curriculum which are English 1301, Math 1314, Biology 2401, and Psychology 2301. I have applied to many local scholarships and FASFA. My classes are paid for with the FASFA I receive and if I dont get any scholarships I will have to pay for books and supplies with money from myself. I wish to enter in the Radiology program, but before I want to get the core curriculum classes out of the way first and it helps that I am currently taking GOVT 2306 and ECON 2301. During my first year I want to be very successful so I have a higher chance to get scholarships that MCC offers for the rest of my college career. My second semester at MCC, I want to take four classes from the core curriculum. They are English 1302, GOVT 2305, History 1301, and Speech 1311. I hope by my second semester I have received some financial help besides FASFA. If I havent I might consider finding a job on campus to pay for any extra necessities. After my first year is completed at MCC I would like to take at least one summer class to get it out of the way, it would be Art 1301. To start my second year and third semester off I want to take the last of the core curriculum classes and prerequisites that I need to get into the radiology program. The classes would be History 1302, Philosophy 1301, HPRS 1206, and Biology 2402. During this semester I would start applying for the radiology program after I meet with an advisor and get more information on it. If everything goes well I hope to be admitted into the program for the incoming semester. My fourth semester and first semester in the radiology program I would be taking only three classes. These are required once in the program RADR 1203 Patient Care, RADR 1311 Basic Radiographic Procedures, and RADR 1260 Clinical I Radiologic Technology. In this semester I hope to be academically successful and have earned a few scholarships so my parents dont have to be struggling to put me through college. I would also like to be working in a part time job that pays well enough for a college student. Now that my second year is completed, I would start my fifth semester with next classes in the program. Which are RADR 2301 Intermediate Radiographic Procedures, RADR 1313 Principles of Radiographic Imaging I, RADR 2309 Radiographic Imaging Equipment, and RADR 1261 Clinical II Radiologic Technology. Next in my sixth semester I would be taking four of the required courses. These include RADR 2217 Radiographic Pathology, RADR 2313 Radiation Biology and Protection, RADR 2266 Practicum I, and RADR 2205 Principles of Radiographic Imaging II. After this semester I plan on taking a summer class, RADR 1460 Clinical Medical Radiologic Technology, which would have to be paid from my own pocket. In my last fall semester in 2020 I would be taking the last few classes I need to complete the radiology program. Which are RADR 2233 Advanced Medical Imaging, RADR 2240 Sectional Anatomy for Medical Imaging, RADR 2267 Practicum II, and RADR 2360 Clinical IV Medical Radiologic Technology. There is one last course I would have to take but its not said when its offered but its called RADR 2235 Radiologic Technology Seminar. Hopefully everything goes as plan and I would graduate with an associates degree in science for radiology in December 2020 from McLennan Community College. My next goal is to graduate from Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center with my bachelors in Clinical Services Management. I hope to have a good job and be able to pay for it. I would also apply for scholarships they offer or finish school through the University Center at MCC where it could be more affordable. Texas Technical University is located in Lubbock, TX established on 1923. The large university is the only campus in Texas to house an undergraduate university, law school, and medical school at the same location. The university offers degrees in more than 150 courses of study through 13 colleges and has 60 research centers and institutes. Residents of Texas pay an annual total price of $18,156 to attend Texas Tech University on a full time basis. Originally named Texas Technological College, the college opened in 1925 with six buildings and an enrollment of 914. Texas Tech is also offered through the MCC university center. Like many big Universities Texas Tech has many student organizations and way many more scholarships for undergraduates and graduate students. Depending on what job I get or scholarships I receive, I would like to move to Lubbock to enroll in the Clinical Services Management program. Living at a campus is something Ive always wanted to experience but if Im not finically ready doing it through MCC is not a problem for me. I would like to start in the spring semester of 2021 right after graduating MCC in December. The first few classes I would take would be HPHM 4302 Financial Management For Clinical Supervisors, HPHM 4303 Principles of Personnel Management For Clinical Supervisors, HPHM 4306 Marketing Principles and Entrepreneurship, and HPHM 4304 Management of Clinical Support Services in Healthcare Organizations. Once Im at TTU I want to be a fulltime student even in the summer so I could finish quicker. Ill be taking four classes in the summer, which are HPHM 4311 US Healthcare System, HPHM 4313 Community Health Issues, HPHM 4314 Quality Assurance/Risk Management, and HPHM 4317 Statistics For Healthcare Supervisors. All of these are hopefully paid for with financial aide. The next semester I have to take five classes and two of them are case studies. The classes are HPHM 4318 Healthcare Law/Ethics, HPHM 4331 Leadership In Healthcare Organizations, HPHM 4401 Healthcare Management Information Systems, and HPHM 4477, HPHM 4478 Case studies. This would be the end of my required core curriculum at TTU. At Texas Tech in order to graduate with your bachelors you would need to have 12 hours of upper level electives of your choice. They offer Capital Project Design, Organizational Behavior, Foundations Of Managed Care, Issues In Gerontology For Healthcare Managers, Integrated Delivery Systems And Organizational Relationships, Long-Term Care Management, and Regulatory Aspects Of Long Term Care. With this plan I would most likely graduate in the spring of 2022 with my Bachelors In Clinical Services Management from Texas Tech University. After graduating with my bachelors I would be able to work at hospitals, clinics, medical and diagnostic laboratories and be paid more than the radiologist that only has an associates degree. My biggest concern would be the financial part of school. I know FASFA can pay for most of my classes but if I receive no scholarships then I would have to get a loan to help me out. Thats why is very important that I stay on top of my work and have good grades to receive any scholarships I can. McLennan Community College is a great fit for me not only because is it affordable but it is close to home and offers a good plan for my education. The radiology program that MCC offers has been praised by many and for right now it seems to be the career I want to pursue.

Role of Women in the American Civil War

Role of Women in the American Civil War Were the women of the North better at complementing their men than their Southern counterparts during the American civil war effort? Table of Contents (Jump to) Part I: Introduction to thesis statement and to background of reading done; Part II: Justification for choosing this area for analysis; Part III: Organisation of this research paper and methodology; Part IV: Limitations of this paper; Part V: Description of the two sides’ efforts at mobilisation; Part VI: Reasons for South’s failure to organise itself as well as the North; Part VII: Conclusion. References _______________________________________________________________________ Part I: Introduction Introduction to thesis statement and to background of reading done: This research paper seeks to explore this self-framed question in relation to an important aspect of the American civil war. In the course of this narrative, this paper relies heavily on three works to address the specific exploratory thesis question: Drew Faust’s 1996 Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War, the same author’s contribution, Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War, which is part of the 1992 book, Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, and Marjorie Greenbie’s 1944 work, Lincolns Daughters of Mercy. This is for the reason that while the first two make a perfectly appropriate source for the most important part of the paper, the third one speaks about the way Northern women were organised better through their association, whose details are discussed in later paragraphs. All other sources are supplementary to these mai n works, and augment the thesis statement. Part II: Justification Justification for choosing this area for analysis: A lot has been written about why the North won the war, primarily written from the psychological and military perspectives of this result. Among the more popular works in these categories, mention may be made of the famous Black-American, Charles H. Wesley’s The Collapse of the Confederacy, and Armstead L. Robinson, who introduced a new paradigm when they enunciated the viewpoint that more than anything else, it was the South’s loss of motivation to carry on that eventually resulted in its defeat. In the opinion of these writers, the South was burdened physically, too, having to fight for the retention of the slaves, who were almost mandatory to their economy, but were not allowed to take part in the war itself. In the words of Robinson, â€Å"[t]he slaves expectations and actions precipitated deep conflicts among Southern whites, conflicts which preceded emancipation and which devastated the Southern war effort. The e vidence suggests that the fear of slave revolt acted as a cancer within the body of the Southern Republic, a cancer first sapping Confederate morale and then ultimately consuming the Souths will to fight for national independence.† (Foner, 1983, p. 454) A notable work about the logistical aspects of the war is that of James McPherson, who has argued that the North’s victory was a kind of fluke. Making an analysis of the patterns of important battles of the war, he concludes that any outcome was possible, and that the North’s eventual victory can be attributed more to fortuity than to anything else. He reasons that all other factors, such as economic and political among others, were merely incidental, and made no significant contribution to the outcome. (Boritt, 1992, pp. 19, 20) However, relatively fewer tomes have been exhausted on an ancillary field –the contribution of women in organising themselves in the areas of the conflict in which they were the sole in-charge –human, physical assistance. Notwithstanding the vast body of research feminist writers have churned out on this topic, the particular point of whether women from the North organised and mobilised themselves better is worth focussing on. In pursuing this narrowed down proposition, this paper takes the position that regardless of the enormity of the odds stacked against them, the Southern women failed to assemble and apply themselves to being associated players of the war effort. This paper attempts to leave the warfare track behind and take the road less taken, seeking to understand if what womenfolk of the victorious side did was dramatically different from what women from the beaten side did. In the course of investigating this course, this paper forms the notion that the Northe rn epicene efforts were markedly superior to that of the Southerners; while they fought against heavy odds themselves in ensuring that president Lincoln’s rather reluctant endorsement of their association, the Sanitary Commission underwent a complete turnaround, its counterparts in the South, Ladies Gunboat Societies, were not such a great success, limited as they were to mainly literary activities. These may have boosted the war morale occasionally, but were not good enough to count as action that was as tangible and as forceful as that by Northern women. Even from the beginning, this movement suffered the chauvinism clothed in a faà §ade that was so typical of the male dominated Southern mindset. In seeking to understand the larger, historical and geographical reasons for the less aggressive mobilisation of the Southern women, this paper toes the perceptive line of reasoning that Faust has made in her chapter in the 1992 book, Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War. The summary of this stance is that if these psychological obstacles presented formidable hindrances to Southern women, they were handicapped further by physical reasons as well, over most of which they had no control. These factors, seen in their deep-seated context, were in fact the very causes for the civil war in the first place, which are illustrated here. These form the central portion of the analysis part of this paper. Part III: Methodology:  Organisation of this research paper and methodology In presenting this paper, both the descriptive and comparative methods of analysis of the thesis question are employed in parts. The approach has been to first make a description separately of the ways in which the women from the two sides organised themselves. Since this paper is a presentation of the overall way in which women organised themselves, mention of the names of prominent women on the two sides is made only in passing, since that is not the main focus of this paper. From here, this paper presents its core –an analysis of what prevented Southern women from matching the Northerners in this crucial organisational effort. It finally offers its conclusion. Part IV:  Limitations of this paper The efforts women put in organising themselves are not limited to only what is handed down in historical accounts; as Harper, (2003) observes in her work, Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia, thousands of women who took part in the war effort did not hog the limelight, while only a few became famous. (E. Harper, 2003, p. ix) The work of these unsung women are not investigated in this paper. Also, the brief of this paper is only a presentation of the differences that existed in the ways in which women organised themselves during the civil war, and their reasons. It does not cover within its purview an important angle of this issue: did the role of women from the two sides actually make an important difference to the outcome of the war? Part V:  Description of the two sides’ efforts at mobilisation The general idea about the role of women in the civil war is that only a handful, merely by their claim to fame, alone contributed substantially to the war effort. Among the names on either side that have gone down in history are Clara Barton, Harriet Tubman, Mary Boykin Chesnut, Louisa Mary Alcott, Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe. While this is not to deny or even dilute their importance in one or another area during the civil war era, the most important fact that needs to be borne in mind is that women, literally in their tens of thousands if not millions from each side, dared to risk their lives as well as those of their families in the pursuit of the war effort. These nameless, unrecognised women were no small contributors to the civil war; the major ways in which they contributed included dedicating themselves to the war effort in providing vital food and clothing, apart of course, from care and love to injured soldiers. If women in the North were engaged additionally in the area of organising rallies in which they made inspiring speeches against slavery, and contributed in the form of writings and artwork, in the South, there were a good number of women novelists, writers, poetesses, factory workers and agricultural workers. The writings and other works from these women served to stir the consciousness of the civil war itself. (E. Harper, 2003, p. ix) Yet, when it came to formally organising themselves into associations, the most prominent ones were the Sanitary Commission in the North, and the Ladies Gunboat Societies in the South. North: The North started with some inherent advantages: firstly, it was more industrialised than the South. Secondly, its population stood at 20 million, more than double the South’s nine million, adding to whose ineffectiveness of these already small numbers were its 3.5 million non-participating slaves. But in addition to possessing these advantages, the North’s cause was bolstered by the work of its women: almost from the time of the start of the war, they were quick to organise themselves into a coherent support unit, volunteering to provide all auxiliary medical services such as bandages, clothing and other medical aids. These voluntary efforts took concrete shape in the form of the Sanitary Commission. (Clinton Lunardini, 2000, pp. 81, 82) Inspired by the work of their more famous, pioneering Transatlantic cousin Florence Nightingale, the United States Sanitary Commission came into existence when president Abraham Lincoln appointed this commission with the Ã¢â‚¬Ë œpower to oversee the health and welfare of the volunteer army, and to serve as a channel of communication between the people and the government’. Apart from having qualified and reputed doctors, scientists and army officers on its rolls, it was able to get the best out of women, because it also gave them a great opportunity of being directly employed in government service. In this respect, it was superior to even the war effort Nightingale had made recently in the Crimean War in Turkey. One of its prominent volunteers, the millionaire heiress Miss Louisa Schuyler, best summed up its brief and nature when she remarked that it stood out because â€Å"[i]n England those women who with Florence Nightingale did their work in the Crimea had no such channel through which every woman in the land might work with Government itself. As the men went to their work with the national army, so the women go with them, in an organization running side by side with the army, knowing its needs and meeting them.† (Greenbie, 1944, pp. 76-79) Among the other important ways by which they lent themselves to their cause was in organising an innovative idea, ‘Sanitary Fairs’, in which auctions and sales were held to raise money. These were a great success –just two weeks of these fairs in Chicago alone helped raise no lesser than $100,000, surely a massive amount by those days’ standards. Prominent individuals who made the Sanitary Commission a success story were Dorothea Dix, Louisa Mary Alcott and Clara Burton. (Clinton Lunardini, 2000, pp. 82) South: From the beginning, women’s participation in the war efforts in the South were different from those of the North; if the North saw perceptible action in the formation of its association, the South was steeped more in rhetoric and emotional talk than effective actions. Paternalistic in its attitude, since it were men who mostly controlled slaves and women, the South, while on the one hand exhorting women to play a moral role in the war, curtailed their liberty on the other. Even if ordinary women wanted to take part in the war, they were prevented from it. On occasion, this would take the form of outbursts, which would turn out to be no more than grumbling. Among these recorded outpourings made by women, some stand out, such as: ‘We who stay behind may find it harder than they who go. They will have new scenes and constant excitement to buoy them up and the consciousness of duty done’ and ‘The war is certainly ours as well as that of the men’. A movement that crystallised into an actual war support organisation were the Ladies Gunboat Societies. These, too, like the Sanitary Commission in the North, were formed in the earlier stages of the war. But since their hands were tied, they were forced to remain only literary in character, and had little effect in heartening their men. As if to offset these shortcomings, men sought to project a valorous set of deeds of these women, perhaps out of a sense of guilt. (Faust, 1992, p. 175) Part VI:  Reasons for South’s failure to organise itself as well as the North Precisely the same conditions that led the two sides to civil war, namely the birth and development of slavery, also turned out to be the reasons for which Southern women could not organise themselves better during the war. While the attitudes of the two sides differed over a number of issues, the focal point of their animosity was slavery. The sharp differences between the two sides lay in the distribution of natural resources, by which plantations, the lifeblood of the South, required extensive dependence on slavery. On the contrary, the North was industrialising at a frenetic pace, and developing a kind of economy for which the centrality of slave labour, indispensable for the South, was totally absent. (Collins, 1981, p. 29) An inadvertent invention served to further accentuate the South’s already heavy dependence on labour –Eli Whitney’s cotton gin. This 1792 invention laid the groundwork for the cultivation of cotton on a large scale, something for which the South was extremely well-suited. In no time, heavily labour-oriented cotton edged out the other profit-making crops such as indigo and tobacco, given its near perfect suitability to Southern climate. (Johnson Roark, 1984, p. 10) Since the invention of the cotton gin, the spurt in the production of cotton was dramatic – it jumped from about 178,000 bales in 1810 to almost 4,000,000 bales in 1860. This surge was possible because cotton, a labour-intensive crop could be produced only by slaves; naturally, this spurt in production was matched by an increase in the number of slaves employed to produce it –in these 50 years, the number of slaves went up from about 1,190,000 to over 4,000,000. (Faulkner, 1924, pp. 209-210) These factors were to percolate down to the matter of women’s organisation into the civil war effort. By the basic fact of the overwhelming existence of plantations, and lesser development in industrial development and hence, infrastructure, the South was not able to muster enough or wholesome participation from women in the civil war. The sheer size of these sprawling plantations, which were hardly anything to be termed meeting venues, isolated women from each other, curtailing their interaction. Even if they were organised, they were not as well knit as in the North, which had all these advantages. As a result, most women’s contributions, when they were not listed in literary circles in the cities, were limited to stitching clothes for their men. (Faust, 1996, pp. 23, 24) Yet another critical factor blunted Southern organisation: because of its numerical inferiority to the North, the South had been consistently losing men on the battlefield; this meant that more than half the women in the South had lost any of their male relatives in the war. When more and more men were required for the war effort, the plantations were left without them. In this scenario, women, who till then had been having little experience in looking after slaves, since it were men who were engaged in this practice all these years, were suddenly confronted with a new situation –managing slaves in their huge plantations, with no prior experience. Yet other additional derivative roles were thrust upon them –managing the economy, and receiving corpses of their men and performing the necessary rituals and ceremonies. These left them with little time to pursue the career that they first sought to, nursing, let alone for organising themselves into the war effort. (Faust, 19 92, pp. 184, 185) On the other hand, Northern women applied themselves better to their duty. The panel that oversaw the appointment of the original list of 14 members of the Sanitary Commission was meticulously handpicked. So immaculate was this list that President Lincoln had no alternative to affixing his stamp on it once it came to him for selection. If there was one reason for the success of this commission, it was the effort the women put into it. When the commission’s members were first presented to Lincoln, he was unimpressed by the whole idea of the commission itself, remarking that it was no more than ‘†¦just the fifth wheel to the coach’. He was hesitant to trust its effectiveness in delivering, and had made it a virtually powerless association of eminent persons. If the commission carried out important work in spite of government apathy, it was due entirely to its women. (Greenbie, 1944, p. 79) Part VII:  Conclusion The ways in which women organised themselves in the war effort were symbolic of the larger issue of how the two sides made use of their strengths. On the one hand, the North was fired by the zeal of liberation, and wasted no effort in pulling its women together in the war effort, while fully exploiting their other strengths listed in this paper. On the other hand, hamstrung by both psychological and physical factors, the Southern women’s effort never really was able to sustain itself, in the end becoming a victim of a variety of factors, some self-created, and some created by nature. References Boritt, G. S. (Ed.)., (1992). Why the Confederacy Lost, Oxford University Press, New York. Clinton, C., Lunardini, C., (2000), The Columbia Guide to American Women in the Nineteenth Century, Columbia University Press, New York. Collins, B., (1981), The Origins of Americas Civil War, Holmes Meier, New York. E. Harper, J., (2003), Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, New York. Faulkner, H. U., (1924), American Economic History (5th ed.), Harper Brothers, New York. Faust, D. G., (1992), Ch.10 Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War. In Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, Clinton, C. Silber, N. (Eds.) (pp. 171-199), Oxford University Press, New York. Faust, D. G., (1996), Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. Foner, P. S., (1983), History of Black Americans From the Compromise of 1850 to the End of the Civil War, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. Greenbie, M. B., (1944), Lincolns Daughters of Mercy, G.P. Putnams sons, New York. Johnson, M. P., Roark, J. L., (1984), Black Masters : A Free Family of Color in the Old South /, W. W. Norton, New York.

Human Responses to the Human Split Brain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

When neuroscientists first made direct contact with the right hemisphere of the brain, during neurological tests of "split brain" human subjects, it was as if they had found intelligent, albeit speechless, life on Mars. At a time when brain imaging techniques were crude or nonexistent, the only way to observe and communicate with the brain's right hemisphere unimpeded by the left hemisphere was by testing split brain subjects (1). The right hemisphere, previously supposed mute, illiterate, mentally retarded, and completely subordinate to the left hemisphere, had a mind of its own (1). While it could not speak, it could respond to commands and questions via its contralateral control of the left hand. It had different abilities and even opinions and emotional states than the neighboring left hemisphere (2). These discoveries led to a model of hemispheric specialization of normal human brain function, with an analytic, verbal, problem solving left hemisphere and a visuospatial, syntheti c, creative right hemisphere (1, 2). The formation of this model in turn offers insight into the brains of the observers as well as the observed. The observers' behavior supported some of their own hypotheses about the human brain, split or unsplit. The term "split-brain" is commonly used to describe a person whose corpus callosum has been surgically severed (3). The corpus callosum, comprised of approximately 200 million neuronal fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of brain, exists only in mammals' brains, and is largest in human brains (1, 3). Until the 1960's neuroscientists were unsure what purpose the corpus callosum served (3). By observing deficits in split brains' functions, scientists could better assess the corpus callosum's function (1). Roger Sperry and his colleagues pioneered the operation severing the corpus callosum, known as callosal commisurectomy, in the 1960s, as a last ditch effort to control the seizures of life threateningly severe epilepsy by creating a fire wall to prevent electrical impulses from traveling between hemispheres (1). This treatment was successful, and after recovering from the surgery, the split-brain patients appeared normal in every day interactions and even during a routine physical exam (1). However, Sperry and his colleagues, after extensive and specific neurological tests of split brain patients, posited that the corpus callosum communicated stimuli and responses between the two hemispheres, each specialized for different cognitive functions (1). Using a tachistoscope, Sperry delivered visual stimuli to a single visual field of the subject (1). He discovered that, with the exception of olfactory stimuli, the hemispheres of the brain receive sensory stimuli and exercise motor control contralaterally (1, 3, 5).

What is a Distribution Channel? :: Organizations, Production, Shipping

A distribution channel is organizations joined together in the process of making products available to consumers. An effective distribution channel can help improve company sales while lowering costs. An ineffective distribution strategy can be very costly to a company and might even cause financial troubles. This paper will take a look at the logistics, production and shipping strategies of Colgate-Palmolive. This paper will also discuss the marketing channels and areas the Colgate Company can improve on. Logistics, Production and Shipping Having an effective logistics, production and shipping strategy can give companies an advantage over their competitors. Producing and getting products to customers can be costly. Having an effective strategy can help reduce costs and increase profits. Colgate works closely with suppliers in order to increase quality, cost effectiveness and innovation. The company only chooses to work with suppliers that share the same values as the Colgate-Palmolive company (Colgate, 2011). Over the years Colgate-Palmolive has had to take a look at the number of plants the company had and where those plants were located. The company sells products in over two hundred countries and has plants located in different regions around the world. Since 2004 Colgate reduced the number of plants they operated worldwide (Colgate, 2011). The company started to use contract manufacturing rather than doing its own manufacturing (Trunick, 2011). By making these changes the company has been able to control costs more and become more profitable. Products need to find a way from manufacturing plants to the customers. Colgate uses several ocean containers, truckload shipments and smaller truck shipments (Trunick, 2011). Shipping costs can be very costly. With some plants closing travel miles from the plant to the customer grew. Rising gas prices along with the extra miles caused costs to rise (Trunick, 2011). Marketing Channels According to Berry (2010) â€Å"in its most simplistic form, a marketing channel performs the work of moving goods from producers to consumers.† According to Quelch and Laidler (2011) â€Å"In 1987, traditional food stores sold 75% of oral care products, but by 1992 they accounted for only 43% of toothbrush sales and 47% of toothpaste sales.† The distribution strategy for Colgate is through large retail stores, grocery stores, drug stores, dentists and plastic surgeons. Colgate has been very successful in positioning Colgate products in store locations where they would gain customers attention (Khurana, 2010).

Measuring Quality Health Care

{draw:g} {draw:g} {draw:g} Why is a patient the most important thing when it comes to healthcare? Without a patient, there would be no healthcare. What do patients look for when it comes to getting care they need? I feel that cost is one thing, but the most important thing a patient wants is quality care. A positive patient outcome is one of the measures of quality health care. Additionally, health care workers have many roles when determining quality care. The main factor to a positive patient outcome is providing the patient with the best care that can be given. This includes what ever it takes medically to keep this person healthy. Many people are denied certain medical procedures due to the insurance company not providing the payment. Therefore, the billing clerk should try and see if there is a charity that is available or set up a payment plan. This is another approach that I feel is necessary in providing a positive patient outcome and quality care, watch for medical errors. Why? According to Stevens, there are over 50,000 people that die every year in a hospital or healthcare institution due to a medical error. Training employees and having an administrator over parts of the facility would help improve on errors. Training is the key to the problem. If an employee gets adequate training, then there is less of a chance for a mistake. Roles that health care workers have when determining quality care vary. The main role is assessing the patient, diagnose, monitor, observe treatments, and respond to changes. Other roles that are played if the patient is at home are making sure the patient is in a safe environment, communication with all parties involved, making sure the patient is eating and drinking well, keeping an eye out for changes, and make sure the patient is using proper hygiene. Measuring quality care is important for the patient as well as the facility. Without the patient, there is no facility. Keeping a patient happy, comfortable and healthy is important. There are many different roles provided by health care workers that are involved in a patient’s care, depending on the care the patient needs. The main thing is a positive patient outcome. What makes something positive? A positive health care worker makes a big influence on a positive outcome. References: Stevens, A. (2008) http://blog. sunbeltstaffing. com/medical-ethics/what-role-do-healthcare-worker

Industrial Pollution

Chapter 1: I.1 Introduction: Bangladesh is an upcoming middle earning country. It has a large number of population. The working environment is good and the labor cost is less so there is an opportunity to establish industry in this country. There are many sector of industry in Bangladesh. The people of our country are very hard working.By the late 1990s, about 1.5 million people, mostly women, were employed in the garments sector as During 2001-2002, export earnings from ready-made garments reached $3,125 million, representing 52 well as Leather products specially Footwear (Shoe manufacturing unit). % of Bangladesh's total exports. Bangladesh has overtaken India in apparel exports in 2009, its exports stood at 2.66 billion US dollar, ahead of India's 2.27 billion US dollar. Other industries which have shown very strong growth include the chemical industry, steel industry, mining industry and the paper and pulp industry.Now a day’s Bangladesh is want to achieve middle class cou ntry position. So the country is going to be an industrial country. And the industry who is responsible for the pollution. Most of the industries are not follow the rules of the law.I.2 Origin of the report: To know the current situation of the industrial pollution. To know what are the reason behind this. Why the industry through their waste in to the open field? To understand the problem of the pollution.I.3 Objective of the report: To know the current situation of pollution problem. To understand the thinking of the people. To solve the problem. To work with the problem.1.4 Methodology: Primary data: field survey, Questionnaire. Secondary data: Web site, News paper.1.5 Scope of this report: In this report we want to show the over view of the total pollution of the industry in Bangladesh. There are many industries in Bangladesh. But we will cover some of the industries in Bangladesh such as: Textile industry, Chemical industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Builders industry, Tannery i ndustry,Food industry, Steel industry, Shipping industry, Electronics industry, Fabrics Industry, Plastic Industry, Paper & jut Industry, Refinnering ( Oil, Gas) Industry, Beverages Industry, Recycling Industry, Others.1.6 Limitation of the report: Limitation means something that limits a quality or achievement of any analysis. All research designs can be discussed in terms of their relative strengths and limitations. The merits of a particular design are inherently related to the rationale for selecting it as the most appropriate plan for addressing the research problem. One strength of an Selecting and starting to prepare this report it is not an easy process to complete this. To complete this report we face many problems. Those are as followsi. Information Collection1) Limited source of information 2) Limited information about the industry pollution in web sites on Bangladesh perspective. 3) Peoples are not aware about the problems by industrial pollution. 4) Business persons try to skip the questions answers.ii. Overall limitation of this report1) Limited time to prepare this report. 2) Limited information source. 3) Limited ways to analysis the quality control with founded information. 4) Limited direction from course instructor to prepare this report.Chapter 22.1 Bangladeshi Industries: A short list of Bangladeshi Industry: Name of industry Name of industry Name of industry Textile Industry Tannery Industry Paper & Jute Industry Chemical Industry Food Industry Refinnering Industry Pharmaceutical Industry Steel Industry Beverage Industry Cigarette Industry Shipping Industry Recycling Industry Builders Industry Electronics Industry Fertilizer Industry Febrics Industry Plastic Industry Other Industry2.2 Pollution in Bangladesh: Water pollution:The water pollution situation from Bangladesh could be the largest poisoning in history and the irony is that this situation could be the result of all the efforts in cleaning the water for some of the poorest nations of the world. A British study, shows that about 80 million people from Bangladesh, South Asia, are exposed to a high level of toxicity from the water contaminated with arsenic. An international team of researchers from Chicago, New York and Bangladesh has been monitoring, in the last decade, the water intake of arsenic contaminated wells and the impact of 12,000  people.The conclusions showed that the death of five people was directly linked to the elevated levels of arsenic in the bodies of the victims of the Bangladesh water. The result is not just a novelty, it is a problem known for some years now and, over time, and residents were advised to dig deeper wells to avoid the potentially contaminated surface water consumption. Now, even the deep waters appear to be problematic.The Bangladeshi people suffer most in pure drinking water by arsenic. But the people of Bangladesh also suffer by the industry pollution. The river water is not safe for the people. The industry is not use waste management system. So in future if the industry is not following the rules the waste management, the water will not look like water.Air Pollution:Air pollution contamination of the atmosphere caused by the discharge, accidental or deliberates of a wide range of toxic substances. Often the amount of the released substance is relatively high in a certain locality, so the harmful effects are more noticeable. The major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial processes and the burning of solid waste. A new source of air pollution is an increasing ‘hole' in the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica, coupled with growing evidence of global ozone depletion.Air pollution has also long been known to have an adverse effect on human beings, plants, livestock and aquatic ecosystem through acid rain. Recently as in other parts of the world air pollution has received priority among environmental issues in Asia. This problem is acute in dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh and also the hub of commercial activity. The other urban areas like Chittagong, Khulna and BOGRA have much lesser health problem related to air pollution. In urban areas sometimes the houses are built on rocks and soils, which radiate radioactive gas from their basement.If this gas is inhaled for a long time it may cause lung cancer. In the rural areas of Bangladesh, the air pollution problems have not yet become a point of concern. This is due to fewer motorized vehicles and industries there. Thus, it is likely that in those areas the principal air contaminants are particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Basically, there are two major sources of air pollution in Bangladesh industrial emissions and vehicular emissions.The industrial sources include brick kilns, fertiliser factories, sugar, paper, jute and textile mills, spinning mills, tanneries, garment, bread and biscuit factories, chemical and pharmaceutical industries, cement production and processing factories, metal workshops, and wooden dust from saw mills and dusts from ploughed land, and salt particles from ocean waves near the offshore islands and coastal lands. Noise Pollution: Man-made noise harmful to health or welfare. Transportation vehicles are the worst offenders, with aircraft, railroad stock, trucks, buses, automobiles, and motorcycles all producing excessive noise.Noise intensity is measured in decibel (dB) units. Subject to 45 dB of noise, the average person cannot sleep. At 120 dB the ear registers pain; hearing damage begins at a much lower level, about 85 dB. In Bangladesh noise pollution (also termed as sound pollution) is a major health hazard. In fact, due to noise pollution millions of people in Bangladesh are exposed to a number of health risks – from deafness to heart attack. On city streets noise pollution can be caused by hydraulic horns of vehicles, microphones and cassette players.The hydraulic horns used by b uses, trucks and scooters in the crowded city streets are dangerous for human being. This is also how noise pollution in Dhaka City is affecting the hearing power of thousands of children every day. The horns especially cause serious damage to children. Experts say, if a child below three years of age hears a horn emitting 100 dB of noise from a close range, he or she might lose his or her hearing power. A child's health may also be adversely affected by loud sounds from the radio, television, cassette players and microphones, the sound of mills and factories and loud noise.The unit of sound frequency is hertz. Human beings usually hear 15 to 20 kilohertz (KHz) frequency sound. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), generally 60 dB sound can make a man deaf temporarily and 100 dB sound can cause complete deafness. But the noise of any busy street in Dhaka has been estimated at 60 to 80 dB, with the sound of vehicles being 95 dB, loud speakers 90 to 100 dB, mills and facto ries 80 to 90 dB, restaurants and cinema halls 75 to 90 dB, festivals 85 to 90 dB, scooter or motorbike 87 to 92 dB and trucks and buses 92 to 94 dB.But the desired sound measure is 25 dB in the bedroom, 40 dB in the dining or drawing room, 35-40 dB in the office, 30-40 dB in the class room, 35-40 dB in the library, 20-35 dB in hospital, 40-60 dB in a restaurant and 45 dB in the city at night. When the sound exceeds this limit, there is noise pollution. Noise pollution beyond the limit destroys hearing and might even lead to the losing of one's mental balance. Noise pollution also causes peevish temperament, affects lungs, hampers the intellect of the children and makes them apathetic towards their studies. 2. 3 Industries wise pollution:2. 3. 1 Textile Industry pollution: The textile industry in Bangladesh through their waste in to free area. They through their waste in to river and pond. So the water of the river is polluted. The river contains many kind of fish and other kind of animals. If the animals are go to the polluted water they will die or they have the chemical re-action in their body. And then the people eat that fish or the animals that are also suffer with chemical re-action. The textile industry also relies carbon die oxide gas which is cause for green house effect, and the global warming.It also cause for many human health problem. Some people also suffer skin problem. Textile industry makes very noise. Many people can’t suffer the noise so some time they sense less. Because the textile industry makes very much noise so we should make textile industry in nonresidential area. 2. 3. 2 Chemical industry pollution: We all know about the chemical re-action of the chemical. Many people die every year because of the poison of the drinking water. The chemical industry is also destroying our crops land, river and kills other animals. Many Bangladeshi industries don’t use waste management.They through their chemical in to the river or open area. The chemical industry polluted our water and air. Causes of chemical pollution the people suffer skin problem and other harmful Degases. 2. 3. 3 Pharmaceutical Industry pollution: The pharmaceutical industry use different types of chemical and plastic pack to keep the medicine safe. But after using the medicine there are no recycle of the plastic pack, so it make pollution. In other hand some of the company don’t follow the waste management program. They through their waste in to the sea and river.So the water is polluted by the pharmaceutical industry. 2. 3. 4 Cigarette Industry: the cigarette industry is polluted the environment very much. They produce cigarette and biri which is polluted our environment air. The people also suffer the bad effect of the smoking. The tobacco plants destroy the fertility of the land so the crop land became dry. If there are any land who grows tobacco they can’t grow any other crop. The processing of cigarette is also harmful for the environment. It pollutes air. 2. 3. 5 Builders Industry: The Bangladeshi builders industry doesn’t follow the building core.They make building of their own wish, so it is very difficult to the maintain the pollution. Because they sometime build building on the pond or near the river so in rainy season the water can’t pass to the river and it polluted our roads and houses. 2. 3. 6 Tannery Industry: The tannery industry use deadly chemical to prepare lather. Most of the tannery industry situated in highly populated area so when they through their waste in the water the water will be polluted. The bad effect of the pollution effect the human health it may cause the cancer of skin.Many labor suffer cancer because of the chemical re-action by the chemical. 2. 3. 7 Food industry: One of the largest industries in Bangladesh is food industry because of the huge rate of the population. The industry is very big. Every day the industry produce many type of the food to fulfil l the needs of the food. They use chemical fertilizer to grow mare food because of large needs. The food industry pollute our soil and water. They use high rate of chemical fertilizer so the water of river has been polluted and the water insect and the insect that help the crops die because of chemical fertilizer.Some food industry through there waste of food in to open area and water so the water is polluting. 2. 3. 8 Fertilizer Industry: There are many fertilizer industries in Bangladesh. They produce fertilizer for our farmer to grow more crops. But the process of the fertilizer is not environmental free. To produce fertilizer they need methane gas. So the air pollution is happening. They need water to cool their machine. So the water is polluting. To make chemical fertilizer they need 2. 4 An overview of tannery industry’s pollution: 2. 4. 1 Present situation of tannery industries pollution:Now days the tannery industry is playing the most important part for our economy. The products of our tannery are maintaining world class quality. So the buyers of the tannery product are more. There is a good will of Bangladesh tannery industry in the world. The tanneries are a major money-maker for Bangladesh. From June 2011 to July 2012, Bangladesh’s tanneries exported close to $663 million in leather and leather goods—like shoes and handbags—to some 70 countries worldwide, including Italy, Germany, Spain, China, and the United States. Tannery worker have been suffering from severe skin diseases, allergy and chest pain.Most of the cases, medicines do not work on them anymore. They process animal hides with toxic chemicals. Before tanning they work with chemical-mixed water, liming and de-liming, scrapping off meat and fat. They do it with bare hands chromium, sulfur, manganese, copper compound, lead and others are used to tan which are very toxic for their health. Chemical mixtures, acids and dyes used in the tanneries are very toxic for h uman health. From different sources about 20,000 tannery workers are forced to work for tanning in this hazardous situation though they are paid a little.About 90 percent tanneries of the country located at Hazaribagh of the Dhaka city. Covered by high walls which have not proper ventilation system, the air inside the factories is with fumes, heat. Very bad scent is available inside the factories. Few large factories are providing some facilities while smaller s’ are in very bad and poisonous situation. Very bad smells are also got from nearby the Hazaribagh like Rayerbazar, Jhigatola and parts of Dhanmondi. Nobody wants to go to Hazaribagh due bad effect of tanneries. Even the tanneries owner doesn’t live in those areas.Reused chemicals from the larger factories are being used by the small factories which are more dangerous and vulnerable for the workers as well as for the environment. About 40 heavy metals and acids are used for processing raw hides. Among them the m ost dangerous chemical substances are , manganese, chromium, sulfur, lead, and copper Wet blue leathers are made using these chemicals Most of the workers are directly use these chemicals each and every day because of being done the process manually. They don’t like to use hand gloves or any other safety items.About 30 export-oriented factories use these safety equipments for their workers and others don’t pay attention. It is very important to use masks, safety goggles, special suits, gloves and special shoes to save themselves from the hazardous effect of toxic chemicals. Most of the time the workers work with bear feet when thy clean dirt, bloods and chemicals which causes various diseases. Jaundice, nausea and headache are another common sickness among them. These toxic chemicals cause boils, inflammation in hands and legs, skin diseases allergy, and other infection.If it continues around more than 15 years these can even cause cancer. During working these chemical s evaporate to the air which damages lungs and causes respiratory illness such as asthma and bronchitis through inhalation of the people of Hazaribagh area. This toxic substances damages eyes and the entire nerve system . Finishing leather is processed after tanning. . These toxic chemicals cause boils, inflammation in hands and legs, skin diseases allergy, and other infection. If it continues around more than 15 years these can even cause cancer.During working these chemicals evaporate to the air which damages lungs and causes respiratory illness such as asthma and bronchitis through inhalation of the people of Hazaribagh area. This toxic substances damages eyes and the entire nerve system . Finishing leather is processed after tanning. . For probably the first time, Bangladesh’s government has leveled pollution-related fines against two leather tanneries in Hazaribagh, a Dhaka neighborhood so polluted with waste from its roughly 150 tanneries that residents and workers are plagued by serious health problems.This announcement came four months after Human Rights Watch released a report revealing the extent of workers’ and residents’ broken-down health, ranging from painful skin diseases to respiratory illnesses. Shortly before our report launch, a senior official in Bangladesh’s Environment Department told Human Rights Watch, â€Å"There is no monitoring and no enforcement in Hazaribagh. † The two tanneries were fined for not having effluent treatment plants, which would treat their chemical-laced wastewater.Each day, the area’s tanneries discharge some 21,000 cubic meters of untreated waste containing chromium, lead, and other chemicals and heavy metals into the nearby Buriganga River. The air reeks of chemicals, which have harmed the area’s water and soil and the health of people living nearby. Hazaribagh is home to between 90 and 95 percent of all Bangladesh’s tanneries, and they employ between 8,000 a nd 12,000 people. â€Å"Living beside the tanneries is difficult, all the dirty water comes here, the fumes are very bad,† said Goyenda, who is in her late teens and has lived in Hazaribagh for just over a year. â€Å"I have problems with my eyes.They water a lot and become red. The tannery gas causes this. † As follow-up to the Toxic Tanneries report, Human Rights Watch has pressed the international leather industry to identify and mitigate the human rights risks from the tanneries in Hazaribagh. Two weeks ago, Human Rights Watch called on buyers at a flagship international leather fair in Bologna to buy leather goods only from Bangladesh tanneries that respect environmental standards and comply with laws that protect the right to health and labor rights. 3. 1 Reason behind the pollution: 3. 1. 1 Corruption: Bangladesh is a corrupted country everything is possible in Bangladesh.The tannery industry is polluting the environment much. The pollution of tannery is harmful for all the human and animal. But it is a matter of sorrow that the government environment sector is silent. Because they deal with the company owner. And the government employee pays by the owner. So the environment pollution can’t be stopped. 3. 1. 2 Don’t obey the industry’s rules: Most of the tannery doesn’t show respect to the constitution rules. In Bangladesh there are no lacks of rules but in matter of worry that the industry doesn’t want to follow the rules, because of the over greedy of the of the industry owner.3. 1. 3 Lack of nation’s lover: the greedy owner and the greedy government people Politician are not love their nation. So just thought to maximize their wealth. 3. 1. 4 Lack of monitoring: The monitoring unit are not strong to control the pollution. 3. 2 effect of the pollution: Waste contains pollutants which are discarded materials, process materials or chemicals. Pollution could be caused by all sectors of a society gen erate waste: industry, agriculture, mining, energy, and these pollutants when they are released beyond the assimilation capacity of the environment.Industrial wastes are generated from different processes and the amount and toxicity of waste released varies with its own specific industrial processes. Tannery effluents are ranked as the highest pollutants among all industrial wastes. They are especially large contributors of chromium pollution . Chromium is highly toxic and carcinogenic to human beings, animals, plants and the general environment (soil and water sediment). Chrome is the primary threat when ever tanning industry comes in to practice.Though many treatment options were evaluated to prevent its consequence on the environment, neither of them could achieve to treat or recover chrome 100 %. Treatment options are either; inefficient, complicated, energy demanding, costly or applicable to a certain parts of the world due to technology or skilled man power demand. The river n ear by the tanneries can be said highly polluted rivers since they are serving as recipient of effluent from the factories. The effect of this scenario is expressed by different indicators. The Akaki -Kaliti and the tributaries of Awash River are best examples of polluted water body.The residents around the river and /or the tannery reported the death of their cattle, dried up of green plants, water born diseases and bad smell resulted due to the death of micro organisms that in turn caused by depletion of dissolved oxygen. Even though the incidences are merely the result of discharges from tanneries but it is impossible to deny the fact that the discharge from tanneries has its own contribution. (Dagnew and Daniel,2011) Global worming Destroy our safe water resource Destroy your crop land Destroying your human health Cause of chemical re-action