James Cook :: essays research papers

James Cook      Do you know who the universes most noteworthy adventurers are? One of them is the subject of this exposition. This paper is about James Cook. The target of this report will be to address the accompanying inquiry: Why do we recall James Cook?      James Cook was conceived on October 27, 1728 in Marton, England. At the age of 18 James Cook turned into an understudy with a delivery organization. His first journeys he took a shot at ships that conveyed coal to English ports. In 1755, during the French - Indian war, Cook joined the British naval force. In 1759 he was given a risky wartime strategic. He was to enter A french area and overview the St. Lawrence waterway for the British naval force. The outlines that he made during this journey added to the catch of the French city of Quebec later in that year.      James Cook made three journeys to the Pacific. His first journey, in 1768, the naval force delegated Cook to lead an endeavor to Tahiti. On the Endeavor they left in August and arrived at Tahiti in April of 1769. On the island researchers viewed the planet Venus go between the Earth and the Sun. This was the primary objective of this journey yet cook had been provided mystery requests to locate an obscure mainland in the south pacific. He was advised to discover it since geographers accepted that it kept the world in balance, anyway Cook couldn't discover it. In October of 1769 Cook turned into the principal European man to visit New Zealand. In April of 1770 the Endeavor cruised to Botany Bay on the east bank of Australia. Cook asserted the whole east bank of Australia for Great Britain. He returned to England in July of 1771. During this journey, from 1678 - 1771, Cook became the primary boat skipper to forestall an episode of scurvy. Cook had heard that scurvy was brought about by an absence of new vegetables and natural products. To forestall an episode he served his mariner's leafy foods. In July of 1772 Cook set off on his second journey to the pacific. Cook had left England with the Goals and the Adventure. This endeavor was Cook’s second endeavor to discover the obscure southern landmass. During this journey Cook cruised farther south than any European had ever gone. Cook confronted numerous threats exposed Antarctic waters. Rough mountains and ice as high as 18 meters frequently hindered the method of the boats. High breezes that pushed the chunks of ice towards the boats expanded the peril. Cook circumnavigated Antarctica however the ice shielded him from locating land.

A Dolls House A Push to Freedom Essay Example For Students

A Dolls House: A Push to Freedom Essay At some point after the distribution of A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen spokeat a gathering of the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights. He clarified tothe gathering, I should decay the respect of being said to have worked for theWomens Rights development. I am not even sure what Womens Rights are. Tome it has been an issue of human rights ( ). A Dolls House is ofteninterpreted by perusers, instructors, and pundits the same as an assault on chauvinisticbehavior and a weep for the acknowledgment of womens rights ( ). Rather its themeis indistinguishable from a few of his plays composed around a similar timespan: thecharacters enthusiastically exist in a circumstance of misrepresentation or deficient truth whichconceals struggle and logical inconsistency ( ). In A Dolls House, Norasindependent nature is in logical inconsistency the overbearing authority of Torvald. This contention is hidden by the way the two of them shroud their actual selves fromsociety, one another, and at last themselves. Much the same as Nora and Torvald,every character in this play is caught in a circumstance of unturth. In Ghosts,the play Ibsen composed straightforwardly after A Dolls House, a similar clash is thebasis of the play. Since Mrs. Alving yields to her pastors ethicalbombardment about her obligations in marriage, she is compelled to disguise thetruth about her late spouses conduct ( ). Like A Dolls House, Ghostscan be confused as essentially an assault on the strict estimations of Ibsenssociety. While this is surely a significant part of the play, it is not,however, Ibsens primary concern. A Dolls House set a trend for Ghosts andthe plays Ibsen would send in following years. It set up a strategy hewould use to pass on his perspectives about singularity and the quest for socialfreedom. The characters of A Dolls House show Henrik Ibsens conviction thatalthough i ndividuals have a characteristic yearning for opportunity, they frequently don't act uponthis want until an individual or occasion drives them to do as such. Perusers can rush to bring up that Noras change was slow andmarked by a few episodes. An increasingly basic look uncovers these steady changesare really not changes by any means, yet little disclosures for the peruser to seeNoras genuine free nature. These episodes additionally permit the peruser to seethis nature has been tucked far under a veneer of a glad and straightforward spouse. Inthe first act, she admits to Christine that she will move and spruce up andplay the numb-skull to keep Torvald glad ( ). This was Ibsens method of telling thereader Nora had a concealed character that was progressively genuine and controlling. Hewants the peruser to understand that Nora was not simply the idiot she permits to beseen as. Later in a similar demonstration, she shouts to Dr. Rank and Christine she hashad the most uncommon yearning to state: Bloody Hell!' ( ). This longingis without a doubt representative of her yearning to be out of the control of Torvald andsociety. In spite of her crav ing for opportunity, Nora has, until the end of the story,accepted the solace and straightforwardness, just as the limitations, of Torvalds homeinstead of confronting the rigors that go with freedom. Ibsen needed thereader to get a handle on one thing in the principal demonstration: Nora was eager to trade herfreedom for the simple existence of the doll house. Ibsen shows that it takes a sensational occasion to cause an individual toreevaluate to what degree he can forfeit his actual human instinct. For Nora,this occasion comes as her acknowledgment that Torvald esteems his ownsocial status above adoration ( ). It is essential to comprehend Nora doesn't leaveTorvald on account of the deigning demeanor he has towards her. That was, inher eyes, a little cost to pay for the solace and strength of his home. InBernard Shaws exposition on A Dolls House, he communicates that the peak of theplay happens when the womans eyes are opened; and in a split second her dolls dress isthrown off and her better half is left gazing at her( ). To the peruser it isclear that Helmer is brought to his detects when his family starts to fallapart ( ). It is significant that Shaws sentence structure isn't ignored. Thestatements the womans eyes are opened and Helmer is brought bothindicate that the subject of the announcement is

9 Practical Things To Do When You Start University

9 Practical Things To Do When You Start University 9 Practical Things To Do When You Start University You’re just about to start university, you’ve finished your packing and you’re all ready to go! When you first go to uni, Freshers’ week can seem to fly by in an excited blur and before you know it you’ll be back to reality, wishing you’d prepared a bit more for starting actual university. This doesn’t have to be the case. Here are some practical things to do when you start uni that may not seem important right now, but you will appreciate later when you need them. 1. Sort out all documents before leaving for uni On your first day, you will undoubtedly be asked to join a line of students waiting to sort out their student ID. Whilst standing in this line, you will probably see several students standing to the side, desperately searching for something in their five big bags, with their parents standing next to them looking very irritated. These are more than likely the people who have forgotten an important form or a relevant piece of ID that they were asked to bring for their first day. Don’t be like these people! Before you set off on the morning of your first day, make sure you’ve filled in all the forms you’ve been sent by the uni and have the ID you’ve been asked to provide. Your first day will be stressful enough as it is. Your student ID will be your key for accessing university buildings, your identity on campus, and in some cases will be your gym pass and even your house key. Basically, it’s pretty important! 2. Go on a library tour Going on a tour of the library is the type of thing you say you’ll probably get around to at some point and end up completely forgetting about.   This is mainly because there are just so many exciting things you could be doing when you’re starting university and, let’s be honest, a library tour is never top of that list. Library tours basically give you a general induction to the facilities and services offered by the library when you’re starting university. We can appreciate that this sounds really dull, but in three months’ time when you desperately need to find a book and haven’t the foggiest idea how to navigate the library, how to check out a book or how to even use the uni printers, you’ll really wish you’d just attended a quick library tour. Besides you’re probably going to spend a lot of your time at uni in there, so might as well find out how it works right? 3. Sign up to a doctors near your uni This is another one of those boring practical things that’s quite easy to forget. You’ll need to think about whether you want to register for a doctor in your university town or stick with your hometown. Most people do decide to register for a doctors in their university town, because there’s nothing worse than having really bad freshers’ flu and not having anywhere to go. Besides, you can usually visit your old doctors as a guest patient. To change GP in the UK, all you need to do is visit the GP surgery you want to go to and ask them to register you as a patient. You will then be asked to fill in a registration form, and a request will be sent to your current GP for them to transfer your records over. Easy-peasy. 4. Learn some basic recipes Whether you’re in catered accommodation or not at uni, at some point in the next three years you will have to cook for yourself, so it’s worth learning a few recipes in preparation. Whether you do this by learning from your mum or dad, or whether you order a cookbook and follow those recipes, is ultimately your choice, but taking the time to learn to cook is definitely high up on the practical ‘to do’ list. If you do decide to order a cookbook, this cookbook designed especially for students is a great way to learn basic recipes (and is also available in vegetarian and vegan editions.) It starts from complete basics, so is ideal if you’ve never done much cooking before uni, and includes pictures so you can see what your food was meant to look like. Trust me, the joy you feel when your food vaguely resembles the picture is unparalleled.  5. Sign up to all the student discount cards Everyone loves getting money off stuff, right? As a student you can get money off EVERYTHING. Well not everything, but lots of things. Find out about how to access all the different student discounts in the UK and in Australia when you’re starting university. Railcards are also available in the UK for those between the ages 16 and 25 and 26 and 30 and allow you to get a third off the price of off-peak rail travel. Cheap day trips anyone? 6. Sign up for a student bank account In case you’re wondering, it’s definitely worth signing up for a student bank account; not only do you get access to an interest free overdraft, but many banks also offer joining rewards, such as a free four-year railcard. Find out which student bank account is best for you here. 7. Learn how to use a washing machine Although you may be able to get away with taking your washing home to mum and dad for a few months, you should probably learn to do it yourself at some point. Washing is fairly simple; just make sure you read (and follow) the instructions in the labels, don’t wash whites together (unless you have a Colour Catcher) and you’ll be fine. If in doubt, go with other people and get them to show you. How wrong can it really go? (Famous last words.) 8. Sort out your TV license Oh no, you’ve just realized you’re breaking the law trying to watch this season’s The Apprentice. Probably not worth it right? In the UK for example, a standard TV license costs £154.50 a year, which you can pay all in one go or spread the cost by setting up direct debit, but check for your study destination as the costs may be different. Fun tip: you can also choose to avoid this cost completely by just watching Netflix. Your choice. 9. Decide your budget   Unfortunately budgeting is often very necessary for uni. That doesn’t mean you won’t be able to have fun, it just means that you won’t be stuck living solely on the stereotypical student diet of toast and pot noodles for a week until you next get paid. To budget, make a note of your income and any expenditures, being sure to include miscellaneous things like your Spotify subscription. Then the hard bit’s over; all you’ve got to do now is stick to it â€" how hard can that be, right?   Find out how to budget for your first semester at university here. ** Want more content like this?  Register for free site membership  to get regular updates and your own personal content feed.

Changing the Minimun Legal Drinking Age in the United States

Changing the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States Over the past twenty years the minimum legal drinking age has been twenty-one in all US states, but that has not stopped citizens of the United Sates from attempting to lower the age. Following the end of prohibition in the United Sates during the Great Depression, all states agreed on a set of twenty-one to be the legal drinking age. For almost forty years there was no change in the drinking age until a decrease in the age for voting occurred. This led to the gradual decrease of the minimum legal drinking age to somewhere between the ages of eighteen and twenty among twenty-one states. Recent data collected by Henry Wechsler and Toben F. Nelson, both of which obtain either a†¦show more content†¦If one is charged with a crime then the eighteen year old is no longer tried in juvenile court; he is tried as an adult. In reality, an eighteen, nineteen, and twenty year old can do just about everything that a twenty-one year old can do, except legally consume alcohol. Who is to say that en eighteen, nineteen, or twenty-year old is not mature enough to properly consume alcohol? Previous research suggests that when there is a more strenuous alcohol policy there will be lower alcohol abuse and consumption among teens (Grube, Kypri, and Paschall 1850). This actually causes teens to feel the need to rebel instead of the thought of teens abusing the privilege. This is a rather immature personality trait to have as a teenager, but there might actually be a reduction in drinking because teens are no longer being rebellious and breaking the law. The whole point of â€Å"becoming an adult† is to give them the ability to take responsibility for their own actions, so why should we not let them? In the United Sates, statistics show that the consumption of alcohol by minors has decreased in the last twenty years, but the consumption of alcohol by adults ages twenty-one through twenty-four have increased (Wechsler and Nelson 987). Waiting until you are twenty-one to legally drink is causing adults to binge drink without thinking of the consequences.

Portrayal Of Television On The Age Of Show Business

Neil Postman, in his book Amusing Ourselves to Death Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business, discusses the harmful effects television in a society that is saturated by it (Postman, 29). As I read Neil Postman’s book, I was given a new point of view on the role of television in my search for news and entertainment. Through Postman’s writing I found that the consequences of television are not in the information presented, but rather in how the information is presented. In addition, after watching â€Å"Conspiracy Theory Rock†, a video presented on the television show â€Å"Saturday Night Live†, this problem of unfair presentation from corrupt television corporations was made clear through the depiction of untold controversies, such as presidential assassinations (â€Å"Conspiracy Theory Rock†). I contest that the problem with the corrupt presentation of television cannot be solved by revising the corporate control, because it is unlikely to occu r due to the financial power the corporations hold. Instead, the way that television is consumed must be changed. The solution for the biased and inaccurate presentation of television involves changing the way that the viewer consumes the entertainment by critically considering the source and the circumstance that the information is being presented in. The solution for the corrupt television climate first includes viewers considering the source of their information. Viewers need to be informed about the source of their television in order toShow MoreRelatedAgeism : Ageism And Prejudice Against The Old Age1506 Words   |  7 Pagesnegligence because of Ageism. In this society of isms, racism, sexism, and ageism; these things create labels, stereotypes, and categorizes people, by shape, size, color, and age. The elderly in their later years should be able to have a peaceable life and be treated with dignity and respect. However, pretty much anyone over the age of 50 is a target for an attack of an attitude of ageism at some point. The Greek, the Native indigenous group and Koreans are few of the cultures that adore, admires andRead MoreReality Televisions Influence on Society794 Words   |  3 PagesReality television tries to disguise what is really going on in the television shows. The actors and producers shine a false spotlight on â€Å"reality†. â€Å"Reality television is defined as a ‘TV show observing real-life situation: television programs often deliberately manufactured situations, and that monitor their emotions and behavior’† (Paredes 26). Reality television is a bad influence on our society today due to the popularity, decision making, and misconduct of the individuals shown. People in today’sRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of African American Females Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes are instilled in us at a young age by our previous experiences and by our parents. Whether they are positive or negative, African American females have to deal with these on a daily basis. Stereotypes often influence the way people view themselves and the way others view them. These are represented in American media, such as commercials and other advertisements. Reflection on Experience After watching one hundred commercials, I found that African American females are represented inRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesof mass media has changed remarkably over decades. Media has been a tool utilized to broadcast information and give entertainment to a broad audience for relatively some time. In many ways, the use of television has helped construct the overall understanding of society. What we visualize on television ultimately replicates the â€Å"realities of life†. The messages/images demonstrated on the air depict underlying customs sought out by society that are most reputable to the viewers. However, with such aRead MoreDiscrimination Against Men1350 Words   |  6 PagesDiscrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex. In today’s society, men are being discriminated against through the media, suffering from par ental custody discrimination, being discriminated against in the courtroom and even for their choice of career. BBC reporter David Benatar said that, â€Å"the second sexism is that across the world men are more likely to be conscripted into the military, be victimsRead MoreManifestation of Latin-American Gender Roles in American Media1220 Words   |  5 Pagesinsinuate their messages into our consciousness at every turn. All forms of media communicate images of the sexes, many of which perpetuate unrealistic, stereotypical, and limiting perceptions. (1994, p.31) I. Gender Stereotypes In Television The television show Modern Family is such that places its emphasis on female gender stereotypes to further promote a male-dominant family ideology. (Lehmann, 2011, p.2) Lehmann reports that the tendency of the mass media to mediate social change andRead MoreThe Media And The Ideology Of Men887 Words   |  4 Pagesbut it discreetly masks this ideology through the portrayal that women should maintain their traditional roles. Magazines emphasize that women can aspire and achieve in being successful. Although, this emphasis is under contradictory terms that women can be successful by using â€Å"traditional female skills† (Sidel, 166) , such as starting a business by baking or sewing. The rising role of women taking on careers is being diminished by the portrayal that they may only do so under the unrealistic standardsRead MoreGender Roles : The Media And The Ideology Of Men891 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscreetly masks this ideology through the portrayal that women should maintain their traditional roles. Magazines emphasize that women can aspire and achieve in being successful. Although, this emphasis is under contradictory terms that women can be successful by using â€Å"traditional female skills† (Sidel, 166) , such as entrepreneurially starting a business by baking or sewing. The rising role of women taking on careers is being diminished by the portrayal that they may only do so under the unrealisticRead MoreAdvertising Advertisements And Body Image1645 Words   |  7 Pagesattempted to correlate various demographic variables such as age and education, as well as geographic variables with preferences for role portrayals in advertising. Through the ages men have been considered to be financial providers, career-focused, assertive and independent, whereas women have been shown as low-position workers, loving wives and mothers, responsible for raising children and doing housework. Advertising I see does not show women as they really are 2 10 11 64 1 3 3. Advertising suggestsRead MoreMedia Violence and the Affects It Has On Children Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesviolence when they see it everyday on TV, in theaters and even in video games. They are not becoming properly aquatinted with what is real, what is not, and the effects of it all. Even TV news deadens anyones perception of reality. People of all ages especially those who are at an impressionable time in their lives, need to know that murder, death and violence are real and that sadness comes with all of these. The American media is the most violent in the world. Children in America are more likely

The Assessment Strategy And Feedback System - 860 Words

PATCH 3: Excerpt from report to Manager Across Higher Education there have been changes in the assessment strategy and feedback system especially over the past ten years.Our student populations are becoming more diverse and hence a drive to concentrate on the what, why and when the assessment task is undertaken is essential (Brown, S., 2004, pp82). If assessment is essential to learning, then giving feedback becomes the heart of the process. Hence, I have decided to critically look at the current Pain and Symptom module within the Post graduate Palliative Care course that we deliver. Looking at the assessment system we have at present; we have two summative assessments (a case study and the other is multiple choice questions-MCQ).Both the†¦show more content†¦A concern from the marking I do,is whether students are engaging with the assessment guidelines and marking criteria (generic university criteria) in the case study assignment. Ecclestone (2001, cited in Hunter Docherty, 2011, pp.111) explains that the criterion-referenced approach helps reduce the gap between students and academics;though there is wide criticism that the criteria could be differently interpreted by different people. Hence, to help students understand the expectations from the assignment it is discussed in class, online as part of the e-tivity exercises, opportunity for one to one tutorials available and formative feedback of 500 words of the assignment. This is to support a continual guidance process as described by Creighton (2012).However, I note we do not have any examples of p erformance for students to see to gain a better understanding of assessment standards to gain assessment literacy (Anglia Ruskin University, 2016). There is a need for a dialogue in feedback as described by Nicol (2010, pp.503) to facilitate students learning. Dialogue feedback encompasses cycles of guidance and feedback, peer feedback,technologically facilitated feedback, internalfeedback, and teacher-generated written feedback which would trigger reflective processes. Peer review enables students to gain insight into tacit assumptions (Carless 2006, 231, cited in McConlogue, 2012, pp.121). AtShow MoreRelatedReceiving Feedback From Students and Parents Essay695 Words   |  3 PagesReceiving Feedback From Students and Parents Collecting feedback from both students and parents are an integral part of building a learning program that best serves the school. Teachers can use feedback to modify their strategies, methods or content or use feedback to gain an idea of where a student sees him/herself There are moves towards designing and modifying reporting systems to more effectively communicate what students are learning and how well they areRead MoreThe Transition Of The Vet1464 Words   |  6 Pagesalso undergone many changes in my teaching role. When I first started teaching in the VET system, it was in an Advanced Diploma program with predominately adult learners who were looking for a career change. Being new to the competency based system and with little guidance, I needed to dig deep to gain an acceptable understanding as to how the VET grading system worked. I designed my classes and assessments around the subject content that I believed the students needed to know in order to accomplishRead MoreScotland Re Evaluated Assessment Strategies Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesScotland re-evaluated assessment strategies which saw the Assessment is for learning (Aifl) initiative implemented in 2002 which aimed to improve children’s life chances through a more coherent system (Gov.scot, 2005). The revised system, A Framework for Assessment (BtC5), incorporates principles of Curriculum for Excellence (CFE ) and the values of Aifl, which collectively aim to support pupil progression. Furthermore, they aim to build confident individuals and successful learners (EducationscotlandRead MoreHigh Blood Pressure And Diabetes1142 Words   |  5 Pagestheir knowledge gained and share it with friends and family. Then once they become adults they will continue to stay active and live a healthy lifestyle. â€Å"Parents should be active with their children from a very young age and not depend on the school system to keep their children fit; thus, changing parental exercise behavior may improve childhood fitness† (Landry Driscoll, 2012, p. 831). Having parents who are active with their children will show them how fun it is. The principles of being physicallyRead MoreCase Study : Risk Assessment Policies And Procedures1303 Words   |  6 Pages RISK ASSESSMENT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES DATE: 1-1-201X TO: ASSESSOR FROM:Mr. John Introduction: This report is about Toyota’srisk appraisal arrangements and strategies. We have done specialized investigation of arrangements, methodology, rules, qualities, shortcomings, legitimate and enactment necessities of Toyota. This report outlines our work to make it advantageous for you to comprehend Toyota’srisk appraisal arrangement Risk assessment- scope RiskRead MorePerformance Management : Effective And Efficient Planning1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthe theory of performance management in the form of ‘performance management cycle’ that has five elements that show how performance management system should be conducted in an organization. The elements of performance management include: 1. Setting of attainable goals and objectives. 2. Measuring the performance by aligning it with the set goals. 3. Feedback of performance results for adequate appraisal. 4. Reward and compensation based on performance results. 5. 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Employee morale and motivation can be existent from internal characteristic of an individual or as an external factor. Some people naturally possess a high level of internal motivation; those who focus on the internal feelings of satisfaction they will attainRead MoreThe Role Of Peer Assessment On The Classroom1496 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of peer-assessment in the classroom As I have been investigating the role of peer-assessment in writing I have reviewed the literature concerning the implementation of these methods in the classroom. Falchikov Goldfinch (2000, p. 287) give a definition of peer and self-assessment as; ‘In both of these activities, students are engaging with criteria and standards, and applying them to make judgements. 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The Rise And Fall Of Charles Fourier Essay Example For Students

The Rise And Fall Of Charles Fourier Essay A new crazeswept France, as well as most of Europe, in the early nineteenthcentury. The oppressed society was exhausted from its continual battleagainst itself. Thepeople sought change; they sought relief from the socio-economic labyrinththeyhad beenspinning themselves dizzy in for their entire lives, and the livesof theirfathers, and theirfathers before them. Their minds wandered fromthe monotony of changingspools ofthread in a textile mill or hauling bucketsof water in that same mill to aland of liberty andequality their landof perfection. Then suddenly a door opened. And above that door, in blockletters, readtheword SOCIALISM. And standing beside, beckoning to allto enter, stoodFrancoisMarie Charles Fourier. Charles Fourier wasborn on April 7, 1772, in Besancon, France. The son ofaprosperous clothmerchant, he was encouraged from an early age to pursuecommerce. His fatherdied when Charles was nine, leaving him an estate valuing inexcess of 80,000francs. Upon the advice of his family, Fourier entered the business world, despitehispersonalinterests in the arts and sciences. He pursued an apprenticeship inLyonsscommercialsystem for four years, returning to Besancon in early 1793. Hehad spenthisyears wisely, traveling through much of France and exploring the culturalandsocialdiversity of the places he visited. However, due to the turmoil andunstablestate ofFrance at the time, the Fourier family lost all their property. Theseunfortunatecircumstances brought Fouriers return to Paris. (Taylor100)It was here where he founded the basic principles of his socio-economicbeliefs. He was given a first-hand view into the functioning of the economy, and hewasdisgustedby the corruption and deceit he discovered. Throughout his childhood,andadolescence,then carried into adulthood, he witnessed the severity ofthe distinctionsbetween classes. He matured in the aftermath of the FrenchRevolution, perhaps the mostsociallyincorrect period in history. Hewitnessed the havoc the guillotine wreakedon thearistocracy while watchingthe chaos created by the poverty that resultedfrom over-taxation of thepeasant class. He saw these two diametrically opposed groupsas the rootofall evil and sought to weaken the force that drove them apart. Anenormouschasmexisted between the upper and lower classes, and Fourier believed thatif hecould find away to eliminate that, he would find true Utopia. Hegradually began todevelop analternative social order. In 1808 a bookwas published. It was appropriately titled Theorie desQuatreMouvementset des Destinees Generales, or Theory of the Four Movements andtheGeneralDestinies. Fourier was announcing to the world his discovery: notonly weretherenatural laws, and laws of physics or science, there were social laws. Hedescribedthe four spheres, his name for divisions of activity the social,animal,organic andmaterial, each governed by strict mathematical laws. (Taylor 101) However,the onlysphere that any discoveries had been madein so far was the material sphere,and this iswhere the fault in civilizedsociety lay. If we could uncover the remainingthree, some ofthis chaosmay be remedied. His second book was a deeper version of his first, in whichhe preciselydescribedthe stages of evolution, ranging from the formationof man to the day ofreckoning. Another followed, Traite de lAssociationDomestique-Agricole. In this workheintroduced the Phalanx, from the Greekword meaning an orderly body ofpersons, and histheory that mankind couldbegin to establish conditions of social harmony insmall scalecommunitiesorganized according to the scientific principles of humanassociation whichFourierclaimed to have discovered. (Taylor 103) He included detailed andspecificinstructionsfor the institution of such a community. This publication was,in essence,aplea to some wealthy patron to make a contribution for the foundation foratrial Phalanx. His radical ideas were, to say the least, not very wellreceived. He wasrejected time andagain by publishers, magazine editors,and basically anyone else who hadanything to dowith the literary community. The critics who did actually bother to read hiswork scornedand ridiculedit, and only in one newspaper, the Mercure de France du XIXSiecle, offeredanyamount of praise:Even when the author may appear to us lost in an imaginaryspace, we havedoubtsof our own reason quite as much as his: we call tomind that Columbus wastreated as a visionary, Galileo condemned as a heretic,and yet America didexist,the earth did turn round the sun. Video Games and Aggression EssayWhen love hasgone man can only vegetate and seek distractionsor illusions to hide theemptiness of hissoul. He believed that mansnature led him to desire to partake in amorousactivitieswith a wide varietyof partners, but society had infringed upon this, callingit immoral anddistasteful. He wanted to toss aside these preconceptions about monogamousrelationshipsand allow people to experiment freely. A Court of Love was setup to insurethatall members be allowed sufficient affection, under the views that abodyneedssexual fulfillment just as it needs food. So, just as food was distributed,sexwould bedistributed, as to eliminate physical longings, thus removing muchtension. The liberation of work and love were to become the basis for Fourierism. Although these ideas did not take hold especially strongly in Europe, inAmerica,a tidalwave of socialism was forming, and Charles Fouriers principles wereridingin along withit. In 1841, a group of eight men and their familiestraveled to West Roxbury,Massachusetts. They assembled themselves as a groupof like-minded peopleto found acommunity, where labor would be, in Emersonswords, honored and united withthe freedevelopment of the intellect andthe heart'. (Curtis 61)Once there, they set up a community that soughtto structurize labor. Theland onwhich they were living, once Ellis Farm,was renamed Brook Farm, and witheach passingmonth, the community grew closer. Their frequent visitors included the likesof MargaretFuller, Bronson Alcott,Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and AlbertBrisbane. In fact, Hawthornesnovel Blithedale Romance was written abouthisexperiences at Brook Farm. Butit was Brisbane, ironically the least known, who had the most profoundimpactonthis tiny agrarian society. Brisbane had just come over from Paris, andwhilethere hadwritten an exposition into the ideals of Fourier. So, when BrisbanevisitedBrook Farm,he saw not a simple group of farmers seeking ways tomaintain their simplelives, but thepotential for an experiment in UtopianSocialism, in other words, a FourianPhalanx. Brisbane successfully convincedGeorge Ripley, founder, as well as the otherdirectors, that a conversionto Fourierism would bring much need capital andprosperity totheir community. By 1844, Brook Farm was the Brook Farm Phalanx and by 1845,it wascompletelyreorganized according to Fouriers principles. But tragedy struck in 1848when a massive fire destroyed the main buildingandmany of the surroundingstructures. It was never rebuilt because the fundswere not there,but also,neither was the interest. The ideas behind it were far too radicalfor theconservativesliving in America in that time, and they were hesitant toresist theconformityof society. Charles Fourier saw a problem in society, and he sought notto change ithimself,but to offer a solution to the public. He had veryliberal and radicalideals, both increasingand decreasing his popularity. He opened a door for France and America, andthough thatdoor was once againshut, he made a profound impact on history. Cole, GDH. A History of SocialistThought, Volume I: The Forerunners. London:Macmillan, 1965. pp. 62-75. Thisencyclopedia style reference provided a general overview of socialismandits foundations. Curtis, Edith Roelker. A Season in Utopia. AmericanHeritage, Vol. X, No. 3 (April1959). pp. 58-63, 98-100. This articlegives a history of Brook Farm and its ties with Fourierism. Ellis, HarryB. Ideals and Ideologies. Cleveland: The World PublishingCompany, 1968. p. 130. This book told of Hawthornes role in Brook Farm and also describedFouriersview on the economy. Engels, Friedrich. Socialism: Utopian and ScientificThe Essential Works ofMarxism. Engels gives a commentary on the workof Fourier. Lichtheim, George. The Origins of Socialism. New York: PraegerPublishers,1969. pp. 26-39. This book discussed Fouriers role as comparedto others such as Owenand Saint-Simon. Lichtheim, George. A ShortHistory of Socialism. New York: PraegerPublishers, 1970. pp. 42-63. Thisbook went into greater depth than Lichtheims first, discussing socialismin greater detail. Manuel, Frank E. and Fritzie P. French Utopias. New York: The Free Press,1966. pp. 299-328. The editors translatedthe work of many French thinkers. Fouriers Systemof Passionate Attractionis included. Manuel, Frank E. Utopias and Utopian Thought. Boston: HoughtonMifflinCompany,1966. This book described the foundations of Utopianthinking. Taylor, Keith. The Political Ideas of the Utopian Socialists. London: FrankCass andCompany, Limited, 1982. pp. 100-131This bookwent into great detail on Fourier, including biographical sketchand commentary. Miscellaneous