James Cook :: essays research papers

James Cook      Do you know who the universes most noteworthy adventurers are? One of them is the subject of this exposition. This paper is about James Cook. The target of this report will be to address the accompanying inquiry: Why do we recall James Cook?      James Cook was conceived on October 27, 1728 in Marton, England. At the age of 18 James Cook turned into an understudy with a delivery organization. His first journeys he took a shot at ships that conveyed coal to English ports. In 1755, during the French - Indian war, Cook joined the British naval force. In 1759 he was given a risky wartime strategic. He was to enter A french area and overview the St. Lawrence waterway for the British naval force. The outlines that he made during this journey added to the catch of the French city of Quebec later in that year.      James Cook made three journeys to the Pacific. His first journey, in 1768, the naval force delegated Cook to lead an endeavor to Tahiti. On the Endeavor they left in August and arrived at Tahiti in April of 1769. On the island researchers viewed the planet Venus go between the Earth and the Sun. This was the primary objective of this journey yet cook had been provided mystery requests to locate an obscure mainland in the south pacific. He was advised to discover it since geographers accepted that it kept the world in balance, anyway Cook couldn't discover it. In October of 1769 Cook turned into the principal European man to visit New Zealand. In April of 1770 the Endeavor cruised to Botany Bay on the east bank of Australia. Cook asserted the whole east bank of Australia for Great Britain. He returned to England in July of 1771. During this journey, from 1678 - 1771, Cook became the primary boat skipper to forestall an episode of scurvy. Cook had heard that scurvy was brought about by an absence of new vegetables and natural products. To forestall an episode he served his mariner's leafy foods. In July of 1772 Cook set off on his second journey to the pacific. Cook had left England with the Goals and the Adventure. This endeavor was Cook’s second endeavor to discover the obscure southern landmass. During this journey Cook cruised farther south than any European had ever gone. Cook confronted numerous threats exposed Antarctic waters. Rough mountains and ice as high as 18 meters frequently hindered the method of the boats. High breezes that pushed the chunks of ice towards the boats expanded the peril. Cook circumnavigated Antarctica however the ice shielded him from locating land.

A Dolls House A Push to Freedom Essay Example For Students

A Dolls House: A Push to Freedom Essay At some point after the distribution of A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen spokeat a gathering of the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights. He clarified tothe gathering, I should decay the respect of being said to have worked for theWomens Rights development. I am not even sure what Womens Rights are. Tome it has been an issue of human rights ( ). A Dolls House is ofteninterpreted by perusers, instructors, and pundits the same as an assault on chauvinisticbehavior and a weep for the acknowledgment of womens rights ( ). Rather its themeis indistinguishable from a few of his plays composed around a similar timespan: thecharacters enthusiastically exist in a circumstance of misrepresentation or deficient truth whichconceals struggle and logical inconsistency ( ). In A Dolls House, Norasindependent nature is in logical inconsistency the overbearing authority of Torvald. This contention is hidden by the way the two of them shroud their actual selves fromsociety, one another, and at last themselves. Much the same as Nora and Torvald,every character in this play is caught in a circumstance of unturth. In Ghosts,the play Ibsen composed straightforwardly after A Dolls House, a similar clash is thebasis of the play. Since Mrs. Alving yields to her pastors ethicalbombardment about her obligations in marriage, she is compelled to disguise thetruth about her late spouses conduct ( ). Like A Dolls House, Ghostscan be confused as essentially an assault on the strict estimations of Ibsenssociety. While this is surely a significant part of the play, it is not,however, Ibsens primary concern. A Dolls House set a trend for Ghosts andthe plays Ibsen would send in following years. It set up a strategy hewould use to pass on his perspectives about singularity and the quest for socialfreedom. The characters of A Dolls House show Henrik Ibsens conviction thatalthough i ndividuals have a characteristic yearning for opportunity, they frequently don't act uponthis want until an individual or occasion drives them to do as such. Perusers can rush to bring up that Noras change was slow andmarked by a few episodes. An increasingly basic look uncovers these steady changesare really not changes by any means, yet little disclosures for the peruser to seeNoras genuine free nature. These episodes additionally permit the peruser to seethis nature has been tucked far under a veneer of a glad and straightforward spouse. Inthe first act, she admits to Christine that she will move and spruce up andplay the numb-skull to keep Torvald glad ( ). This was Ibsens method of telling thereader Nora had a concealed character that was progressively genuine and controlling. Hewants the peruser to understand that Nora was not simply the idiot she permits to beseen as. Later in a similar demonstration, she shouts to Dr. Rank and Christine she hashad the most uncommon yearning to state: Bloody Hell!' ( ). This longingis without a doubt representative of her yearning to be out of the control of Torvald andsociety. In spite of her crav ing for opportunity, Nora has, until the end of the story,accepted the solace and straightforwardness, just as the limitations, of Torvalds homeinstead of confronting the rigors that go with freedom. Ibsen needed thereader to get a handle on one thing in the principal demonstration: Nora was eager to trade herfreedom for the simple existence of the doll house. Ibsen shows that it takes a sensational occasion to cause an individual toreevaluate to what degree he can forfeit his actual human instinct. For Nora,this occasion comes as her acknowledgment that Torvald esteems his ownsocial status above adoration ( ). It is essential to comprehend Nora doesn't leaveTorvald on account of the deigning demeanor he has towards her. That was, inher eyes, a little cost to pay for the solace and strength of his home. InBernard Shaws exposition on A Dolls House, he communicates that the peak of theplay happens when the womans eyes are opened; and in a split second her dolls dress isthrown off and her better half is left gazing at her( ). To the peruser it isclear that Helmer is brought to his detects when his family starts to fallapart ( ). It is significant that Shaws sentence structure isn't ignored. Thestatements the womans eyes are opened and Helmer is brought bothindicate that the subject of the announcement is

9 Practical Things To Do When You Start University

9 Practical Things To Do When You Start University 9 Practical Things To Do When You Start University You’re just about to start university, you’ve finished your packing and you’re all ready to go! When you first go to uni, Freshers’ week can seem to fly by in an excited blur and before you know it you’ll be back to reality, wishing you’d prepared a bit more for starting actual university. This doesn’t have to be the case. Here are some practical things to do when you start uni that may not seem important right now, but you will appreciate later when you need them. 1. Sort out all documents before leaving for uni On your first day, you will undoubtedly be asked to join a line of students waiting to sort out their student ID. Whilst standing in this line, you will probably see several students standing to the side, desperately searching for something in their five big bags, with their parents standing next to them looking very irritated. These are more than likely the people who have forgotten an important form or a relevant piece of ID that they were asked to bring for their first day. Don’t be like these people! Before you set off on the morning of your first day, make sure you’ve filled in all the forms you’ve been sent by the uni and have the ID you’ve been asked to provide. Your first day will be stressful enough as it is. Your student ID will be your key for accessing university buildings, your identity on campus, and in some cases will be your gym pass and even your house key. Basically, it’s pretty important! 2. Go on a library tour Going on a tour of the library is the type of thing you say you’ll probably get around to at some point and end up completely forgetting about.   This is mainly because there are just so many exciting things you could be doing when you’re starting university and, let’s be honest, a library tour is never top of that list. Library tours basically give you a general induction to the facilities and services offered by the library when you’re starting university. We can appreciate that this sounds really dull, but in three months’ time when you desperately need to find a book and haven’t the foggiest idea how to navigate the library, how to check out a book or how to even use the uni printers, you’ll really wish you’d just attended a quick library tour. Besides you’re probably going to spend a lot of your time at uni in there, so might as well find out how it works right? 3. Sign up to a doctors near your uni This is another one of those boring practical things that’s quite easy to forget. You’ll need to think about whether you want to register for a doctor in your university town or stick with your hometown. Most people do decide to register for a doctors in their university town, because there’s nothing worse than having really bad freshers’ flu and not having anywhere to go. Besides, you can usually visit your old doctors as a guest patient. To change GP in the UK, all you need to do is visit the GP surgery you want to go to and ask them to register you as a patient. You will then be asked to fill in a registration form, and a request will be sent to your current GP for them to transfer your records over. Easy-peasy. 4. Learn some basic recipes Whether you’re in catered accommodation or not at uni, at some point in the next three years you will have to cook for yourself, so it’s worth learning a few recipes in preparation. Whether you do this by learning from your mum or dad, or whether you order a cookbook and follow those recipes, is ultimately your choice, but taking the time to learn to cook is definitely high up on the practical ‘to do’ list. If you do decide to order a cookbook, this cookbook designed especially for students is a great way to learn basic recipes (and is also available in vegetarian and vegan editions.) It starts from complete basics, so is ideal if you’ve never done much cooking before uni, and includes pictures so you can see what your food was meant to look like. Trust me, the joy you feel when your food vaguely resembles the picture is unparalleled.  5. Sign up to all the student discount cards Everyone loves getting money off stuff, right? As a student you can get money off EVERYTHING. Well not everything, but lots of things. Find out about how to access all the different student discounts in the UK and in Australia when you’re starting university. Railcards are also available in the UK for those between the ages 16 and 25 and 26 and 30 and allow you to get a third off the price of off-peak rail travel. Cheap day trips anyone? 6. Sign up for a student bank account In case you’re wondering, it’s definitely worth signing up for a student bank account; not only do you get access to an interest free overdraft, but many banks also offer joining rewards, such as a free four-year railcard. Find out which student bank account is best for you here. 7. Learn how to use a washing machine Although you may be able to get away with taking your washing home to mum and dad for a few months, you should probably learn to do it yourself at some point. Washing is fairly simple; just make sure you read (and follow) the instructions in the labels, don’t wash whites together (unless you have a Colour Catcher) and you’ll be fine. If in doubt, go with other people and get them to show you. How wrong can it really go? (Famous last words.) 8. Sort out your TV license Oh no, you’ve just realized you’re breaking the law trying to watch this season’s The Apprentice. Probably not worth it right? In the UK for example, a standard TV license costs £154.50 a year, which you can pay all in one go or spread the cost by setting up direct debit, but check for your study destination as the costs may be different. Fun tip: you can also choose to avoid this cost completely by just watching Netflix. Your choice. 9. Decide your budget   Unfortunately budgeting is often very necessary for uni. That doesn’t mean you won’t be able to have fun, it just means that you won’t be stuck living solely on the stereotypical student diet of toast and pot noodles for a week until you next get paid. To budget, make a note of your income and any expenditures, being sure to include miscellaneous things like your Spotify subscription. Then the hard bit’s over; all you’ve got to do now is stick to it â€" how hard can that be, right?   Find out how to budget for your first semester at university here. ** Want more content like this?  Register for free site membership  to get regular updates and your own personal content feed.

Changing the Minimun Legal Drinking Age in the United States

Changing the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States Over the past twenty years the minimum legal drinking age has been twenty-one in all US states, but that has not stopped citizens of the United Sates from attempting to lower the age. Following the end of prohibition in the United Sates during the Great Depression, all states agreed on a set of twenty-one to be the legal drinking age. For almost forty years there was no change in the drinking age until a decrease in the age for voting occurred. This led to the gradual decrease of the minimum legal drinking age to somewhere between the ages of eighteen and twenty among twenty-one states. Recent data collected by Henry Wechsler and Toben F. Nelson, both of which obtain either a†¦show more content†¦If one is charged with a crime then the eighteen year old is no longer tried in juvenile court; he is tried as an adult. In reality, an eighteen, nineteen, and twenty year old can do just about everything that a twenty-one year old can do, except legally consume alcohol. Who is to say that en eighteen, nineteen, or twenty-year old is not mature enough to properly consume alcohol? Previous research suggests that when there is a more strenuous alcohol policy there will be lower alcohol abuse and consumption among teens (Grube, Kypri, and Paschall 1850). This actually causes teens to feel the need to rebel instead of the thought of teens abusing the privilege. This is a rather immature personality trait to have as a teenager, but there might actually be a reduction in drinking because teens are no longer being rebellious and breaking the law. The whole point of â€Å"becoming an adult† is to give them the ability to take responsibility for their own actions, so why should we not let them? In the United Sates, statistics show that the consumption of alcohol by minors has decreased in the last twenty years, but the consumption of alcohol by adults ages twenty-one through twenty-four have increased (Wechsler and Nelson 987). Waiting until you are twenty-one to legally drink is causing adults to binge drink without thinking of the consequences.

Portrayal Of Television On The Age Of Show Business

Neil Postman, in his book Amusing Ourselves to Death Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business, discusses the harmful effects television in a society that is saturated by it (Postman, 29). As I read Neil Postman’s book, I was given a new point of view on the role of television in my search for news and entertainment. Through Postman’s writing I found that the consequences of television are not in the information presented, but rather in how the information is presented. In addition, after watching â€Å"Conspiracy Theory Rock†, a video presented on the television show â€Å"Saturday Night Live†, this problem of unfair presentation from corrupt television corporations was made clear through the depiction of untold controversies, such as presidential assassinations (â€Å"Conspiracy Theory Rock†). I contest that the problem with the corrupt presentation of television cannot be solved by revising the corporate control, because it is unlikely to occu r due to the financial power the corporations hold. Instead, the way that television is consumed must be changed. The solution for the biased and inaccurate presentation of television involves changing the way that the viewer consumes the entertainment by critically considering the source and the circumstance that the information is being presented in. The solution for the corrupt television climate first includes viewers considering the source of their information. Viewers need to be informed about the source of their television in order toShow MoreRelatedAgeism : Ageism And Prejudice Against The Old Age1506 Words   |  7 Pagesnegligence because of Ageism. In this society of isms, racism, sexism, and ageism; these things create labels, stereotypes, and categorizes people, by shape, size, color, and age. The elderly in their later years should be able to have a peaceable life and be treated with dignity and respect. However, pretty much anyone over the age of 50 is a target for an attack of an attitude of ageism at some point. The Greek, the Native indigenous group and Koreans are few of the cultures that adore, admires andRead MoreReality Televisions Influence on Society794 Words   |  3 PagesReality television tries to disguise what is really going on in the television shows. The actors and producers shine a false spotlight on â€Å"reality†. â€Å"Reality television is defined as a ‘TV show observing real-life situation: television programs often deliberately manufactured situations, and that monitor their emotions and behavior’† (Paredes 26). Reality television is a bad influence on our society today due to the popularity, decision making, and misconduct of the individuals shown. People in today’sRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of African American Females Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes are instilled in us at a young age by our previous experiences and by our parents. Whether they are positive or negative, African American females have to deal with these on a daily basis. Stereotypes often influence the way people view themselves and the way others view them. These are represented in American media, such as commercials and other advertisements. Reflection on Experience After watching one hundred commercials, I found that African American females are represented inRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesof mass media has changed remarkably over decades. Media has been a tool utilized to broadcast information and give entertainment to a broad audience for relatively some time. In many ways, the use of television has helped construct the overall understanding of society. What we visualize on television ultimately replicates the â€Å"realities of life†. The messages/images demonstrated on the air depict underlying customs sought out by society that are most reputable to the viewers. However, with such aRead MoreDiscrimination Against Men1350 Words   |  6 PagesDiscrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex. In today’s society, men are being discriminated against through the media, suffering from par ental custody discrimination, being discriminated against in the courtroom and even for their choice of career. BBC reporter David Benatar said that, â€Å"the second sexism is that across the world men are more likely to be conscripted into the military, be victimsRead MoreManifestation of Latin-American Gender Roles in American Media1220 Words   |  5 Pagesinsinuate their messages into our consciousness at every turn. All forms of media communicate images of the sexes, many of which perpetuate unrealistic, stereotypical, and limiting perceptions. (1994, p.31) I. Gender Stereotypes In Television The television show Modern Family is such that places its emphasis on female gender stereotypes to further promote a male-dominant family ideology. (Lehmann, 2011, p.2) Lehmann reports that the tendency of the mass media to mediate social change andRead MoreThe Media And The Ideology Of Men887 Words   |  4 Pagesbut it discreetly masks this ideology through the portrayal that women should maintain their traditional roles. Magazines emphasize that women can aspire and achieve in being successful. Although, this emphasis is under contradictory terms that women can be successful by using â€Å"traditional female skills† (Sidel, 166) , such as starting a business by baking or sewing. The rising role of women taking on careers is being diminished by the portrayal that they may only do so under the unrealistic standardsRead MoreGender Roles : The Media And The Ideology Of Men891 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscreetly masks this ideology through the portrayal that women should maintain their traditional roles. Magazines emphasize that women can aspire and achieve in being successful. Although, this emphasis is under contradictory terms that women can be successful by using â€Å"traditional female skills† (Sidel, 166) , such as entrepreneurially starting a business by baking or sewing. The rising role of women taking on careers is being diminished by the portrayal that they may only do so under the unrealisticRead MoreAdvertising Advertisements And Body Image1645 Words   |  7 Pagesattempted to correlate various demographic variables such as age and education, as well as geographic variables with preferences for role portrayals in advertising. Through the ages men have been considered to be financial providers, career-focused, assertive and independent, whereas women have been shown as low-position workers, loving wives and mothers, responsible for raising children and doing housework. Advertising I see does not show women as they really are 2 10 11 64 1 3 3. Advertising suggestsRead MoreMedia Violence and the Affects It Has On Children Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesviolence when they see it everyday on TV, in theaters and even in video games. They are not becoming properly aquatinted with what is real, what is not, and the effects of it all. Even TV news deadens anyones perception of reality. People of all ages especially those who are at an impressionable time in their lives, need to know that murder, death and violence are real and that sadness comes with all of these. The American media is the most violent in the world. Children in America are more likely

The Assessment Strategy And Feedback System - 860 Words

PATCH 3: Excerpt from report to Manager Across Higher Education there have been changes in the assessment strategy and feedback system especially over the past ten years.Our student populations are becoming more diverse and hence a drive to concentrate on the what, why and when the assessment task is undertaken is essential (Brown, S., 2004, pp82). If assessment is essential to learning, then giving feedback becomes the heart of the process. Hence, I have decided to critically look at the current Pain and Symptom module within the Post graduate Palliative Care course that we deliver. Looking at the assessment system we have at present; we have two summative assessments (a case study and the other is multiple choice questions-MCQ).Both the†¦show more content†¦A concern from the marking I do,is whether students are engaging with the assessment guidelines and marking criteria (generic university criteria) in the case study assignment. Ecclestone (2001, cited in Hunter Docherty, 2011, pp.111) explains that the criterion-referenced approach helps reduce the gap between students and academics;though there is wide criticism that the criteria could be differently interpreted by different people. Hence, to help students understand the expectations from the assignment it is discussed in class, online as part of the e-tivity exercises, opportunity for one to one tutorials available and formative feedback of 500 words of the assignment. This is to support a continual guidance process as described by Creighton (2012).However, I note we do not have any examples of p erformance for students to see to gain a better understanding of assessment standards to gain assessment literacy (Anglia Ruskin University, 2016). There is a need for a dialogue in feedback as described by Nicol (2010, pp.503) to facilitate students learning. Dialogue feedback encompasses cycles of guidance and feedback, peer feedback,technologically facilitated feedback, internalfeedback, and teacher-generated written feedback which would trigger reflective processes. Peer review enables students to gain insight into tacit assumptions (Carless 2006, 231, cited in McConlogue, 2012, pp.121). AtShow MoreRelatedReceiving Feedback From Students and Parents Essay695 Words   |  3 PagesReceiving Feedback From Students and Parents Collecting feedback from both students and parents are an integral part of building a learning program that best serves the school. Teachers can use feedback to modify their strategies, methods or content or use feedback to gain an idea of where a student sees him/herself There are moves towards designing and modifying reporting systems to more effectively communicate what students are learning and how well they areRead MoreThe Transition Of The Vet1464 Words   |  6 Pagesalso undergone many changes in my teaching role. When I first started teaching in the VET system, it was in an Advanced Diploma program with predominately adult learners who were looking for a career change. Being new to the competency based system and with little guidance, I needed to dig deep to gain an acceptable understanding as to how the VET grading system worked. I designed my classes and assessments around the subject content that I believed the students needed to know in order to accomplishRead MoreScotland Re Evaluated Assessment Strategies Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesScotland re-evaluated assessment strategies which saw the Assessment is for learning (Aifl) initiative implemented in 2002 which aimed to improve children’s life chances through a more coherent system (Gov.scot, 2005). The revised system, A Framework for Assessment (BtC5), incorporates principles of Curriculum for Excellence (CFE ) and the values of Aifl, which collectively aim to support pupil progression. Furthermore, they aim to build confident individuals and successful learners (EducationscotlandRead MoreHigh Blood Pressure And Diabetes1142 Words   |  5 Pagestheir knowledge gained and share it with friends and family. Then once they become adults they will continue to stay active and live a healthy lifestyle. â€Å"Parents should be active with their children from a very young age and not depend on the school system to keep their children fit; thus, changing parental exercise behavior may improve childhood fitness† (Landry Driscoll, 2012, p. 831). Having parents who are active with their children will show them how fun it is. The principles of being physicallyRead MoreCase Study : Risk Assessment Policies And Procedures1303 Words   |  6 Pages RISK ASSESSMENT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES DATE: 1-1-201X TO: ASSESSOR FROM:Mr. John Introduction: This report is about Toyota’srisk appraisal arrangements and strategies. We have done specialized investigation of arrangements, methodology, rules, qualities, shortcomings, legitimate and enactment necessities of Toyota. This report outlines our work to make it advantageous for you to comprehend Toyota’srisk appraisal arrangement Risk assessment- scope RiskRead MorePerformance Management : Effective And Efficient Planning1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthe theory of performance management in the form of ‘performance management cycle’ that has five elements that show how performance management system should be conducted in an organization. The elements of performance management include: 1. Setting of attainable goals and objectives. 2. Measuring the performance by aligning it with the set goals. 3. Feedback of performance results for adequate appraisal. 4. Reward and compensation based on performance results. 5. 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Employee morale and motivation can be existent from internal characteristic of an individual or as an external factor. Some people naturally possess a high level of internal motivation; those who focus on the internal feelings of satisfaction they will attainRead MoreThe Role Of Peer Assessment On The Classroom1496 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of peer-assessment in the classroom As I have been investigating the role of peer-assessment in writing I have reviewed the literature concerning the implementation of these methods in the classroom. Falchikov Goldfinch (2000, p. 287) give a definition of peer and self-assessment as; ‘In both of these activities, students are engaging with criteria and standards, and applying them to make judgements. 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The Rise And Fall Of Charles Fourier Essay Example For Students

The Rise And Fall Of Charles Fourier Essay A new crazeswept France, as well as most of Europe, in the early nineteenthcentury. The oppressed society was exhausted from its continual battleagainst itself. Thepeople sought change; they sought relief from the socio-economic labyrinththeyhad beenspinning themselves dizzy in for their entire lives, and the livesof theirfathers, and theirfathers before them. Their minds wandered fromthe monotony of changingspools ofthread in a textile mill or hauling bucketsof water in that same mill to aland of liberty andequality their landof perfection. Then suddenly a door opened. And above that door, in blockletters, readtheword SOCIALISM. And standing beside, beckoning to allto enter, stoodFrancoisMarie Charles Fourier. Charles Fourier wasborn on April 7, 1772, in Besancon, France. The son ofaprosperous clothmerchant, he was encouraged from an early age to pursuecommerce. His fatherdied when Charles was nine, leaving him an estate valuing inexcess of 80,000francs. Upon the advice of his family, Fourier entered the business world, despitehispersonalinterests in the arts and sciences. He pursued an apprenticeship inLyonsscommercialsystem for four years, returning to Besancon in early 1793. Hehad spenthisyears wisely, traveling through much of France and exploring the culturalandsocialdiversity of the places he visited. However, due to the turmoil andunstablestate ofFrance at the time, the Fourier family lost all their property. Theseunfortunatecircumstances brought Fouriers return to Paris. (Taylor100)It was here where he founded the basic principles of his socio-economicbeliefs. He was given a first-hand view into the functioning of the economy, and hewasdisgustedby the corruption and deceit he discovered. Throughout his childhood,andadolescence,then carried into adulthood, he witnessed the severity ofthe distinctionsbetween classes. He matured in the aftermath of the FrenchRevolution, perhaps the mostsociallyincorrect period in history. Hewitnessed the havoc the guillotine wreakedon thearistocracy while watchingthe chaos created by the poverty that resultedfrom over-taxation of thepeasant class. He saw these two diametrically opposed groupsas the rootofall evil and sought to weaken the force that drove them apart. Anenormouschasmexisted between the upper and lower classes, and Fourier believed thatif hecould find away to eliminate that, he would find true Utopia. Hegradually began todevelop analternative social order. In 1808 a bookwas published. It was appropriately titled Theorie desQuatreMouvementset des Destinees Generales, or Theory of the Four Movements andtheGeneralDestinies. Fourier was announcing to the world his discovery: notonly weretherenatural laws, and laws of physics or science, there were social laws. Hedescribedthe four spheres, his name for divisions of activity the social,animal,organic andmaterial, each governed by strict mathematical laws. (Taylor 101) However,the onlysphere that any discoveries had been madein so far was the material sphere,and this iswhere the fault in civilizedsociety lay. If we could uncover the remainingthree, some ofthis chaosmay be remedied. His second book was a deeper version of his first, in whichhe preciselydescribedthe stages of evolution, ranging from the formationof man to the day ofreckoning. Another followed, Traite de lAssociationDomestique-Agricole. In this workheintroduced the Phalanx, from the Greekword meaning an orderly body ofpersons, and histheory that mankind couldbegin to establish conditions of social harmony insmall scalecommunitiesorganized according to the scientific principles of humanassociation whichFourierclaimed to have discovered. (Taylor 103) He included detailed andspecificinstructionsfor the institution of such a community. This publication was,in essence,aplea to some wealthy patron to make a contribution for the foundation foratrial Phalanx. His radical ideas were, to say the least, not very wellreceived. He wasrejected time andagain by publishers, magazine editors,and basically anyone else who hadanything to dowith the literary community. The critics who did actually bother to read hiswork scornedand ridiculedit, and only in one newspaper, the Mercure de France du XIXSiecle, offeredanyamount of praise:Even when the author may appear to us lost in an imaginaryspace, we havedoubtsof our own reason quite as much as his: we call tomind that Columbus wastreated as a visionary, Galileo condemned as a heretic,and yet America didexist,the earth did turn round the sun. Video Games and Aggression EssayWhen love hasgone man can only vegetate and seek distractionsor illusions to hide theemptiness of hissoul. He believed that mansnature led him to desire to partake in amorousactivitieswith a wide varietyof partners, but society had infringed upon this, callingit immoral anddistasteful. He wanted to toss aside these preconceptions about monogamousrelationshipsand allow people to experiment freely. A Court of Love was setup to insurethatall members be allowed sufficient affection, under the views that abodyneedssexual fulfillment just as it needs food. So, just as food was distributed,sexwould bedistributed, as to eliminate physical longings, thus removing muchtension. The liberation of work and love were to become the basis for Fourierism. Although these ideas did not take hold especially strongly in Europe, inAmerica,a tidalwave of socialism was forming, and Charles Fouriers principles wereridingin along withit. In 1841, a group of eight men and their familiestraveled to West Roxbury,Massachusetts. They assembled themselves as a groupof like-minded peopleto found acommunity, where labor would be, in Emersonswords, honored and united withthe freedevelopment of the intellect andthe heart'. (Curtis 61)Once there, they set up a community that soughtto structurize labor. Theland onwhich they were living, once Ellis Farm,was renamed Brook Farm, and witheach passingmonth, the community grew closer. Their frequent visitors included the likesof MargaretFuller, Bronson Alcott,Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and AlbertBrisbane. In fact, Hawthornesnovel Blithedale Romance was written abouthisexperiences at Brook Farm. Butit was Brisbane, ironically the least known, who had the most profoundimpactonthis tiny agrarian society. Brisbane had just come over from Paris, andwhilethere hadwritten an exposition into the ideals of Fourier. So, when BrisbanevisitedBrook Farm,he saw not a simple group of farmers seeking ways tomaintain their simplelives, but thepotential for an experiment in UtopianSocialism, in other words, a FourianPhalanx. Brisbane successfully convincedGeorge Ripley, founder, as well as the otherdirectors, that a conversionto Fourierism would bring much need capital andprosperity totheir community. By 1844, Brook Farm was the Brook Farm Phalanx and by 1845,it wascompletelyreorganized according to Fouriers principles. But tragedy struck in 1848when a massive fire destroyed the main buildingandmany of the surroundingstructures. It was never rebuilt because the fundswere not there,but also,neither was the interest. The ideas behind it were far too radicalfor theconservativesliving in America in that time, and they were hesitant toresist theconformityof society. Charles Fourier saw a problem in society, and he sought notto change ithimself,but to offer a solution to the public. He had veryliberal and radicalideals, both increasingand decreasing his popularity. He opened a door for France and America, andthough thatdoor was once againshut, he made a profound impact on history. Cole, GDH. A History of SocialistThought, Volume I: The Forerunners. London:Macmillan, 1965. pp. 62-75. Thisencyclopedia style reference provided a general overview of socialismandits foundations. Curtis, Edith Roelker. A Season in Utopia. AmericanHeritage, Vol. X, No. 3 (April1959). pp. 58-63, 98-100. This articlegives a history of Brook Farm and its ties with Fourierism. Ellis, HarryB. Ideals and Ideologies. Cleveland: The World PublishingCompany, 1968. p. 130. This book told of Hawthornes role in Brook Farm and also describedFouriersview on the economy. Engels, Friedrich. Socialism: Utopian and ScientificThe Essential Works ofMarxism. Engels gives a commentary on the workof Fourier. Lichtheim, George. The Origins of Socialism. New York: PraegerPublishers,1969. pp. 26-39. This book discussed Fouriers role as comparedto others such as Owenand Saint-Simon. Lichtheim, George. A ShortHistory of Socialism. New York: PraegerPublishers, 1970. pp. 42-63. Thisbook went into greater depth than Lichtheims first, discussing socialismin greater detail. Manuel, Frank E. and Fritzie P. French Utopias. New York: The Free Press,1966. pp. 299-328. The editors translatedthe work of many French thinkers. Fouriers Systemof Passionate Attractionis included. Manuel, Frank E. Utopias and Utopian Thought. Boston: HoughtonMifflinCompany,1966. This book described the foundations of Utopianthinking. Taylor, Keith. The Political Ideas of the Utopian Socialists. London: FrankCass andCompany, Limited, 1982. pp. 100-131This bookwent into great detail on Fourier, including biographical sketchand commentary. Miscellaneous

The Development of Popular Music Essay Example For Students

The Development of Popular Music Essay Timeline This essay is aimed to portray a music timeline. In this essay I am going to discuss how pop music has developed from the sasss through to the early sasss. Upon reading this essay, you will notice that there is a significant link between music and society, this being related to marketing and audiences, and also focusing on controversy and dispute relating to sexual acts and various slip-ups among the most successful and famous pop/rock stars. Over the years we have experienced vast changes in popular music (Pop) from the says of sass rock and roll were we experienced bands like the Beetles at the fore front of Pop music to Synch Pop and more recently Indies Rock however now in 2011 we can see that this has also changed because the charts are dominated by big Synch Pop Dance tracks taking influence from asss asss dance and putting a new drum and bass twist and performed in much more daring ways from the likes of Lady Gaga and Beyond who have constantly began to push the boundaries in the imagery and sound and music which is seen as pop but even in the asss or early sasss would have never been taken to in the way it has now which is a representation of how quickly Music is evolving each year. Pop music is a genre that has revolutionized the music industry, bringing in a huge new audience and creating many new sub genres and marketing schemes. We will write a custom essay on The Development of Popular Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This essay will focus on how these schemes and ideas came to be through the ages, coming from Elvis Presley all the way to bands such as Blue and S-Club 7. 1950 We will begin right where it all began, the fifties. The birthplace of pop music, at this time, pop was unheard of, many artists were more focused on Rock and Roll and soul. The term Pop Music came from the word popular. Pop music in the asss was very bland, and very heavily influenced by rock. A prime example of this, was Elvis Presley, who emerged in 1956 as one of the worlds first authentic aristocrats. He was soon after named the king of rock and roll and is now one of the biggest selling artists in history. Many of the worlds most famous artists were discovered during this period. John Lennox had met Paul McCarty in march 1957 and formed The Quarrymen, but before they were formed, McCarty met Lennox in July 1957 and then agreed to Join the group. Staying in 1957, the Quarrymen then performed their first public performance, which did not go successfully which then failed to impress their promoter Carroll Levis. The sasss were also responsible for the formation and birth of the Beetles. The 4 members of the group, John Lennox, Rings Starr, Paul McCarty and George Harrison would soon become the most iconic and successful band/group in music history. However, most of the lyrics were written by Lennox and McCarty. The Beetles would then go on to dominate the asss and asss. The asss were not Just famous for having iconic musicians, it was also famous for creating them too, this is due to the fact that both Michael Jackson and Madonna were both born in the asss. Jackson in 1958 and Madonna also The Development of Popular Music By Charlene and his sexual actions. 1960 Before you knew it, the asss came around, Pop became more revolved around a more alternative style rather than rock and roll. On top of that, they came filled with the small bands that then made it huge, The Beetles, Rolling Stones, etc. Despite all of these young talents, Elvis was still dominating the charts and the pop/rock scene, along with artists such as Dan and the Juniors etc. A notable change in the asss is the fact that Pete Best Joined the Beetles on the 12th August 1960 which then saw them leave on a 48 day tour of Hamburg. We also saw that Pop music was becoming more mainstream with the discovery of Patsy Cline. Cline was special because she was the first female singer that was able to adapt to the change in pop and still become successful. The thing with these early stages is that there were not that many female artists. Most likely due to he issue with equal rights. Another notable moment in the asss was the birth of Zigzag Marled who would go on to win 4 Grammas and lead the band Zigzag Marled and the Melody Makers. .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 , .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 .postImageUrl , .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 , .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0:hover , .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0:visited , .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0:active { border:0!important; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0:active , .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0 .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u28b9900d733efad3a82b8bf11ffb22a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparing and Contrasting two pieces of music. EssayThere was a massive change to the audiences that music was being sold to during the asss, mainly u to the rise of the hippie movement, where music festivals were the prime source of promotion and fame. Society became obsessed with festivals and live music, and also used music to protest. Despite this huge increase in live music, the Beetles were still heavily popular amongst not only live performances, but also vinyl. The Beetles became a craze, a lifestyle, with 11 of their 12 studio albums up to 1970 hitting number 1 in the I-J charts. The Beetles were the equivalent of banned One Direction in the modern day, except the Beetles actually had talent. The Beetles had o go and promote abroad, so on the 7th February 1964, The Beetles left the I-J headed for America, and estimated 4000 fans gathered at Heathers airport to watch them leave. Even in the sixties, there were crazy fantails, so many in fact that authorities had to use high pressure water hoses to keep them from mauling the group. Whilst in America, the bands new single I want to hold your hand sold 2. 6 million copies in 2 weeks. This was, at the time, unheard of. Whilst in America, the boys were asked to appear on the Deed Sullivan show, a popular American talk show, very popular considering 74 million Americans watched the show, 40% of the American population. Overall, the sixties were influenced mainly by alternative rock, and were heavily focused around the Beetles, there was competition however with the Rolling Stones slowly rising up. Society in the sixties had never seen fame like this, so nobody really knew how to handle it, this really was popular music. 970 The seventies was really the decade where most genres really carved themselves a place in the music world, the seventies also saw the birth of hip-hop, which would soon become incredibly popula r. The seventies were a golden era for buying vinyl records, they were very affordable Eng had a asss sample in it. Music began to change, t became more vinyl heavy rather than live performances and gigs, Woodstock has deflated due to drug and riot issues, this also resulted in the hippie movement dying down. Many legendary festivals were cancelled. Among the many popular and rising artists of the seventies, the most notable were of course, Elton John and the Jackson 5. The seventies were a time of confusion and heavy change, examples such as Diana Ross leaving the Supremes for a solo shot. However, the asss marked the end of an era, The Beetles depleted due to internal conflicts. They all went their separate ways to pursue solo albums, but the legacy the Beetles left behind, the impact they had on pop/ rock, it would never be the same. In 1975, the popularity of disco and hip hop later spread to make pop more popular. Crowds became bigger, records sold like wildfire and concerts were being sold out every day. Disco was becoming extremely popular gradually throughout the seventies, up until it was stopped by accusations regarding heavy commercialisms. Furthermore, MET were releasing a ton of music videos as a new form of promotion. In terms of technology in studios and in recording, stereo tracks and multi layering came more sophisticated, studios could now record in 4 track instead of mono. This made recording and producing so much easier for labels, and also meant that labels could release music much quicker and easier. The asss was mainly focused on a sort of disco pop style that was combined with rock. Elton John really improved the state of pop as he intertwined it with rock, Elton Johns music could range from slow ballads to full out rock. Lastly, the band Pink Floyd were becoming very popular amongst the underground scene, with Roger Waters becoming the bands primary lyricist. .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a , .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a .postImageUrl , .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a , .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a:hover , .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a:visited , .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a:active { border:0!important; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a:active , .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6af9b56dd3bf24b6cb323b8c2b4c5a9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music and Learning EssayBy the mid asss, their nominate songwriter devised the concepts behind their critically and commercially successful albums. In conclusion, the asss were responsible for the Jackson 5, Elton John and Pink Floyd, but were also responsible for the loss and break up of The Beetles. 1980 The asss was the decade of greed and economic inflation and for encouraging the entrepreneur. The most notable change to music was that vinyl was to be replaced with Cads, there was also the fact that hip hop, rap and techno pop were all starting to emerge and become a significant force in the music industry. Music began to move room punk, to new wave, to new romantic to then finish on stadium rock and pop. The asss were also responsible for commercialism music garbage, with MET being launched in 1981, MET would soon have a massive impact on how music would be sold and promoted, and also be responsible for changing the image of pop stars and getting the inside scoop on things nobody really cares about, and to elaborate on that, many TV producers and manufacturers were using hit songs and attractive performers to manipulate buying into purchasing products. MET was named illustrated radio and it basically was accused of proportioning image over music. Daryl Hall stated that the visual has begun to overpower the music. However, the ironic when revenues dropped 10%. During the asss there was an increase in dance clubs everywhere, people were so memorized by the different styles. Despite all of the efforts to promote music using image, Madonna would still always be the superior image. The asss was a time of one of the biggest charity events, Lived. In 1985, Bob Gelded created a live event to help starving people in Africa, the broadcast was viewed by an estimated 1 billion people. Many incredible artists came out of this period, such as 132, Sting and Elvis Costello. Pop music developed further with artists like Prince, who, to this date, has sold over 80 million albums. 1990 The asss were more of a tie for alternative rock but songs such as my heart will go on which was first performed in the movie Titanic became increasingly popular. The main focus for the asss is of course, the king of pop, Michael Jackson. Jacksons contribution and success to music and dance has made him a global and iconic figure in popular music culture for the last 4 decades. T is believed that MS has sold an estimated 750 million albums with his hit single Thriller selling 109 million popes. MS went on to win 13 Grammas and 26 American Music Awards. Michael Jackson was not Just iconic as a musician, but also as a person, donating most if not all of his money to charity and setting up many charitable organizations, his most famous being the Heal the World foundation. In 1996, MIs history tour was a complete sellout and to cover the cost, MS wrote a queue to himself to cover the cost The sasss were an iconic era, filled with inspirational artists from all genres, however, for pop, there was only MS. The king of pop. The development of pop in the gs changed to a sort of shanty bass sort of approach, rather than taking influences from rock, pop became more influenced by disco and hip hop which then evolved to what we have now in the present day. To conclude this essay, I believe that pop music has become what it said it would never be, music nowadays is so commercialism and about image that its not even about the music anymore. Rappers and performers nowadays like young thug, who do not even say words, they just make noise have single handedly destroyed music. Its all about money and sex. Music is about the video, to the musicians that actually want to make good music, respect.

Phosphate-Buffered Saline or PBS Solution

Phosphate-Buffered Saline or PBS Solution PBS or phosphate-buffered saline is a buffer solution that is particularly valuable because it mimic the ion concentration, osmolarity, and pH of human body fluids. In other words, its isotonic to human solutions, so its less likely to cause cell damage, toxicity,  or unwanted precipitation in biological, medical, or biochemical research. PBS Chemical Composition There are several recipes to prepare PBS solution. The essential solution contains water, sodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium chloride. Some preparations contain potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. EDTA may also be added in cellular preparation to prevent clumping. Phosphate-buffered saline is not ideal for use in solutions that contain divalent cations (Fe2, Zn2) because precipitation may  occur. However, some PBS solutions do contain calcium or magnesium. Also, keep in mind phosphate may inhibit enzymatic reactions. Be particularly aware of this potential disadvantage when working with DNA. While PBS is excellent for physiological science, be aware the phosphate in a PBS-buffered sample may precipitate if the sample is mixed with ethanol. A typical chemical composition of 1X PBS has a final concentration of  10 mM PO43−, 137 mM NaCl, and 2.7 mM KCl. Heres the final concentration of reagents in the solution: Salt Concentration (mmol/L) Concentration (g/L) NaCl 137 8.0 KCl 2.7 0.2 Na2HPO4 10 1.42 KH2PO4 1.8 0.24 Protocol  for Making Phosphate-Buffered Saline Depending on your purpose, you may prepare 1X, 5X, or 10X PBS. Many people simply purchase PBS buffer tablets, dissolve them in distilled water, and adjust the pH as needed with hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. However, its easy to make the solution from scratch. Here are recipes for 1X and 10X phosphate-buffered saline: Reagent Amountto add (1) Final concentration (1) Amount to add (10) Final concentration (10) NaCl 8 g 137 mM 80 g 1.37 M KCl 0.2 g 2.7 mM 2 g 27 mM Na2HPO4 1.44 g 10 mM 14.4 g 100 mM KH2PO4 0.24 g 1.8 mM 2.4 g 18 mM Optional: CaCl22H2O 0.133 g 1 mM 1.33 g 10 mM MgCl26H2O 0.10 g 0.5 mM 1.0 g 5 mM Dissolve the reagent salts in 800 ml distilled water.Adjust the pH to the desired level with hydrochloric acid. Usually this is 7.4 or 7.2. Use a pH meter to measure the pH, not pH paper or other imprecise technique.Add distilled water to achieve a final volume of 1 liter. Sterilization and Storage of PBS Solution Sterilization isnt necessary for some applications, but if your are sterilizing it, dispense the solution into aliquots and autoclave for 20 minutes at 15 psi (1.05 kg/cm2) or use filter sterilization. Phosphate-buffered saline may be stored at room temperature. It may also be refrigerated, but 5X and 10X solution may precipitate when cooled. If you must chill a concentrated solution, first store it at room temperature until you are certain the salts have completely dissolved. If precipitation does occur, warming the temperature will bring them back into solution. Shelf life of refrigerated solution is 1 month. Diluting a 10X Solution to Make 1X PBS 10X is a concentrated or stock solution, which may be diluted to make a 1X or normal solution. A 5X solution must be diluted 5 times to make a normal dilution, while a 10X solution must be diluted 10 times. To prepare a 1 liter working solution of 1X PBS from a 10X PBS solution, add 100 ml of the 10X solution to 900 ml of water. This only changes the concentration of the solution, not the gram or molar amount of the reagents. The pH should be unaffected.   PBS Versus DPBS Another popular buffer solution is Dulbeccos phosphate buffered saline or DPBS. DPBS, like PBS, is used for biological research and buffers in the 7.2 to 7.6 pH range. It can be stored at room temperature. Dulbeccos solution contains a lower concentration of phosphate. It is 8.1 mM mM phosphate ions, while regular PBS is 10 mM phosphate.  The recipe for 1x DPBS is: Reagent Amount to add (1x) NaCl 8.007 g KCl 0.201 g Na2HPO4 1.150 g KH2PO4 0.200 g Optional: CaCl22H2O 0.133 g MgCl26H2O 0.102 g Dissolve the salts in 800 mL of water. Adjust pH to 7.2 to 76 using hydrochloric acid. Adjust the final volume to 1000 mL with water. Autoclave at 121 °C for 20 minutes. Sources Dulbecco, R.; et al. (1954). Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses. J. Exp. Med. 99 (2): 167–182.Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols (2006). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Health issues(snoking) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health issues(snoking) - Essay Example They can make big changes in the body and can terribly affect the health of a person. Tobacco smoke contains more than 4000 poisonous chemicals including nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide, tar, ammonia, metals, and various radio active compounds. Smoking increases the heart rate of the smoker and can increase the blood pressure also (Gould 2000). Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide which will block the necessary oxygen to the body tissues. Tobacco companies add ammonia into cigarettes which makes the brain absorb nicotine more vigorously than how it normally absorbs. Additives in the cigarettes increase the ‘free’ nicotine level of the cigarette which will enhance the addictive nature of the nicotine (Eysenck 1999). Smoking tobacco, whatever form it may appear (cigarettes, pipes or cigars), invites emphysema, lung cancers and similar respiratory sicknesses. The reason for almost 90 percent of lung cancer cases is nothing but smoking. Emphysema is a lung disease which is caused by chronic smoking. Stomach ulcers as well as acid reflux can also appear in smokers. Smoking will decay and stain teeth also. Tobacco also makes mouth and gum cancers. Smoking can be a reason for bad breath also. Smoking habit can make the charm of the face diminish and will invite wrinkles in the skin. Lips can turn black by chronic smoking habits. Chronic smoking habit also brings money and time loss. Smokers will have poor athletic ability compared to others. Smoking by pregnant women causes terrible consequences in newborn ladies (Oaks 2001). Babies born from smoking ladies will have various health problems including insufficient weight and asthma problems (Hoeger & Hoeger  2005). Smoking also results in heart dise ases (Bennett 1993). One of the most common problems associated with smokers is respiratory problem. Passive smokers also experience similar health problems as smokers do. Kids who are exposed to smoking will have ear infections and are

Psychology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Psychology - Research Paper Example With regard to these chapters, this paper assesses the role played by nature in a child’s development. Many scholars argue that genetics determine human development (Kendra 2). Genes determine heredity and every individual has genes from his or her parents- mother and father. These genes are responsible for determining characteristics such as skin colour, height, weight and the colour of one’s hair. They also determine how a person acquires cognitive skills as well as directing the mental processes and physical features. Genes are passed from one generation to another. The two main types of genes-dominant and recessive, determine a child’s physical look. They also influence the rate at which a child grows (Gilbert 22). Therefore, children may start doing some activities earlier than others depending on their genetic characteristics. For instance, some can begin sitting without assistance by the age of 6 months. This may be delayed or may come early in other children. Genes are also responsible for genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis and cerebral palsy (Kendra 7). If a parent has such disorders, they are likely to pass them onto their children who will also do the same to the future generations. However, the environment under which a child grows also largely determines the physical and biological development of a child (Berger 50). A foetus that is exposed to chemicals and pollutants develops in a different manner compared to one that develops in a clean womb (Kendra 9). For example, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome caused by exposure of a foetus to alcohol while in the womb leads to physical as well as cognitive malfunctions. Nutrition influences physical and social development (Gilbert 41). A well fed child grows up to be healthy and enjoys all childhood activities. On the contrary, a poorly fed child is weak and may not enjoy what other children do since play and learning is hindered by malnutrition.

Information Security

Information Security Introduction The requirements of information security with in an organization have undergone major changes in the past and present times. In the earlier times physical means is used to provide security to data. With the advent of computers in every field, the need for software tools for protecting files and other information stored on the computer became important. The important tool designed to protect data and thwart illegal users is computer security. With the introduction and revolution in communications, one more change that affected security is the introduction of distributed systems which requires carrying of data between terminal user and among a set of computers. Network security measures are needed to protect data during their transmission. The mechanisms used to meet the requirements like authentication and confidentiality are observed to be quite complex. One must always consider potential counter measures while developing a particular mechanism. It is also important to identify implementations to adopt these mechanisms. Security mechanisms usually involve more than a particular algorithm or protocol. It means that participants be in possession of some secret information, which raises doubts about their creation, distribution and protection of that secret information. Thus a model has to be developed within which security services and mechanisms can be viewed. To identify the security needs of an organization at its effective level, the manager needs a systematic way. One approach is to consider three aspects of information security that is Security attack, Security mechanism and Security services. Security attack identifies different modes by which intruder tries to get unauthorized information and the services are intended to counter security attacks, and they make use of one or more security mechanisms to provide the service. As information systems become ever more active and important to the conduct of activities, electronic information takes on many of the roles earlier being done on papers. Few information integrity functions that the security mechanism has to support are security and confidentiality of the data to be transmitted and authentication of users. There is no single mechanism that will provide all the services specified. But we can see that one particular element that specifies most of the security mechanisms in use: cryptographic techniques. Encryption or encryption like transformations of information is the most common means of providing security. A model for much of what we will be discussing is captured in general terms. Encryption Model This general model shows that there are four basic tasks in designing a particular security service. Design an algorithm for performing encryption decryption process. Generate the secret information with the help of algorithm of step 1. Identify methods for the distribution and sharing of secret information. Identify rules to be used by both the participating parties that makes use of security algorithm and the secret information to achieve a particular security service. A crypto system is an algorithm, plus all possible plain texts, cipher texts and keys. There are two general types of key based algorithms: symmetric and public key. With most symmetric algorithms, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption. Symmetric-key encryption Execution of symmetric-key encryption can be highly useful, so that users do not experience any significant time delay because of the encryption and decryption. Symmetric-key encryption also provides a degree of authentication, since information encrypted with one symmetric key cannot be decrypted with any other symmetric key. Thus, as long as the symmetric key is kept secret by the two parties using it to encrypt communications, each party can be sure that it is communicating with the other as long as the decrypted messages specify a meaningful sense. Symmetric-key encryption will be successful only if the symmetric key is kept secured by the two parties involved. If anyone else discovers the key, it affects both confidentiality and authentication. The success of a symmetric algorithm rests in the key, divulging the key means that any one could encrypt and decrypt messages. As long as the communication needs to remain secure, the key must be protected between the participating parties. Encryption and decryption with a symmetric algorithm are denoted by E K (M) = C D K (M) = P Symmetric algorithms can be divided into two categories. Some operate on the plain text a single bit or byte at a time, these are called stream algorithms or stream ciphers. Others operate on group of bits or characters. Such algorithms are called block algorithms. Public algorithms are designed so that the key used for encryption is different from the key used for decryption. The algorithms are called public key because the encryption key be made public. It involves a pair of keysa public key and a private keyassociated with an entity that needs to authenticate its identity electronically or to sign or encrypt data. Further more the decryption key cannot be calculated from the encryption key. Each public key is published, and the corresponding private key is kept secret. Data encrypted with ones public key can be decrypted only with his private key. shows a simplified view of the way public-key encryption works. Public-key encryption Compared with symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption requires more computation and is therefore not always appropriate for large amounts of data. However, its possible to use public-key encryption to send a symmetric key, which can then be used to encrypt additional data. This is the approach used by the SSL protocol. This provides Authentication, Integrity Confidentiality of Information at low computing power. Nevertheless, private-key encryption is useful, because it means you can use your private key to sign data with your digital signaturean important requirement for electronic commerce and other commercial applications of cryptography. Encryption and decryption can be represented in a public key scheme is E Kpu(M) = C D Kpr(C) = M Where Kpu is the public key and Kpr is the private key. In public key encryption there is always a possibility of some information being leaked out. A crypto analyst tries to get some information based on ones public key. Not a whole of information is to be gained here, but there are potential problems with allowing a crypto analyst to encrypt random messages with public key. Some information is leaked out every time to the crypto analyst, he encrypts a message. In probabilistic Encryption, multiple cipher texts are generated for one plain text, a cryptanalyst can not generate any information by chosen plain text and chosen cipher text attacks. Probabilistic encryption Security Analysis of algorithms: Different algorithms offers different degrees of security, it depends on how hard they are to break. If the cost required to break an algorithm is greater than the value of the encrypted data, then we are probably safe. If the time required to break an algorithm is longer than the time that the encrypted data must remain secret, then we are probably safe. If the amount of data encrypted with a single key is less than the amount of data necessary to break the algorithm, then we are probably safe. An algorithm is unconditionally secure if, no matter how much cipher text a crypto analyst has, there is not enough information to recover the plain text. In point of fact, only a one time pad is unbreakable in a cipher text only attack, simply by trying every possible key one by one and by checking whether the resulting plain text is meaningful. This is called a brute force attack. Cryptography is more concerned with crypto systems that are computationally infeasible to break. Any algorithm is considered computationally secure if it cannot be broken with available resources. The complexity of an attack can be measured as Data Complexity, the amount of data needed as input to the attack, Processing complexity, the time needed to perform the attack and storage requirements which are the amount of memory needed to do the attack which is space complexity. As a thumb rule, the complexity of an attack is taken to be minimum of these three factors. Another classification of complexities is by complexity of the algorithm by its construction and complexity of the algorithm by its strength. By its construction, the time complexity of the algorithm can be calculated by executing through the steps of the algorithm, which will be referred as O(n). Complexities can also be expressed as orders of magnitude. If the length of the key is k, then the processing complexity is given by 2k . It means that 2 k operations are required to break the algorithm. Then the complexity of the algorithm is said to be exponential in nature. A desirable property of any encryption algorithm is that a small change in plain text or the key should produce significant change in cipher text. Such an effect is known as avalanche effect. The more the avalanche affects of the algorithm, the better the security. Crypto analysis is the study of recovering the plain text with out access to the key. It may also find weakness in a crypto system that eventually leads to previous results. An attempted crypto analysis is called an attack. There are five types of attack. Each of them assumes that the crypto analyst has complete knowledge of the encryption algorithm used. Cipher text only attack: Here the crypto is in hold of cipher text only. The crypto analyst has cipher text of several messages, all of which have been encrypted using the same encryption algorithm. The crypto analysts job is to recover the plain text of as many messages as possible, or better yet to deduce the key used to encrypt the messages, in order to decrypt other messages encrypted with the same keys. Known Plaintext attack: The crypto analyst is in hold of not only to the cipher text of several messages, but also to the plain text of those messages. His job is to get the key used to encrypt the messages or an algorithm to decrypt any messages encrypted with the same key. Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA): Here the crypto analyst is in hold of not only cipher text but also parts of chosen plain text. If the analyst is able to insert into the system a message chosen by the analyst, then such an attack is known as chosen plain text attack. Differential crypto analysis is an example of this mode. Chosen cipher text attack (CCA): Under the CCA model, an adversary has access to an encryption and a decryption machine and must perform the same task of distinguishing encryptions of two messages of its choice. First, the adversary is allowed to interact with the encryption and decryption services and choose the pair of messages. After it has chosen the messages, however, it only has access to an encryption machine. Chosen text: In this model, the analyst posses the encryption algorithm, Cipher text to be decoded, plain text message chosen by the crypto analyst and purported cipher text chosen by the crypto analyst. Present work: In this work an attempt has been made to generate a set of algorithms which provides security to data transmitted. The first algorithm considers a random matrix key which on execution by a series of steps generates a sequence. This sequence is used a sub key to build three different encryption models. Each model can be used for encryption of data. The second algorithm considers not only the key but also initialization vector and a time stamp to generate sub keys which are used for encryption process. And also a mechanism has been discussed which identifies any garbled key while transmitted from the Key Distribution Centre. In this work both the algorithms are discussed in terms of computational security, computational complexity and computational overhead. Both the algorithms are studied for their strengths and limitations. A crypto analytical study of the algorithms with emphasis on probabilistic encryption is also considered in this study. The encryption algorithms are compared with standard algorithms like RC4 and DES. The algorithms are also discussed in terms of its applications and also about their advantages and limitations in network security environment.

Essay --

A true friend is someone you can confide in without fear of being judged or betrayed... It is always good to have a friend in whom you can confide. A true friend is a good listener – one with whom you can share your thoughts and feelings without worrying whether they will judge you or tell other people about you. You should be able to trust a friend, particularly when you are in need of someone to share your problems with..... In â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas† by John Boyne, Bruno, the main character is in need of a good friend. He is unhappy, having being forced to move away from his home in Berlin and ‘his three best friends for life’ because his father has a new job. Bruno, his mother and sister accompany the new commandant to the new house at â€Å"Out-With,† as Bruno calls it. This new house is small, dark, and strange. Bruno spends long days gazing out the window of his new bedroom, where he notices people dressed in striped pyjamas and rows of barracks surrounded by a barbed wire fence. With nobody except his sister ‘The Hopeless Case’ to talk to, bored and lonely, and not really understanding the circumstance of his new existence, Bruno sets out to explore the area, despite being forbidden to do so by his parents. He discovers Shmuel, a very thin Jewish boy who lives on the other side of the fence and an unlikely friendship between the two boys is form ed. Over the next few months the two children swap life stories through the wire fence. Shmuel explains how he and his family have been transported here from a ghetto in Poland. Unable to comprehend the gravity of Shmuel’s situation, Bruno is simply content to have found a playmate. In particular he finds it amazing that they are the same age and born on exactly th... ...d hegathers himself and makes a clear decision to face his fear in order to help his friend.... Even when the two boys have been herded into the gas chambers about to face their death, Bruno stands by his friend, holding Shmuel’s hand, forgetting even the names of his friends in Berlin and saying that Shmuel is one true friend for life. To conclude, Bruno and Shmuel’s friendship is both strange and genuine. Bruno confides in Shmuel, at first, because he is lonely and innocent. However as the novel develops their friendship grows into something authentic which crosses the boundaries of race, religion and culture. Over the course of the novel there are times when the friendship is tested, threatened and almost betrayed but Bruno and Shmuel remain true to their friendship even in the darkest and devastating of endings...At the end they died together...

Hr Case Study

Table of Contents Executive summary2 Problem identification and analysis 3 Statement of major problems4 7. Generation and evaluation of alternate solutions 5 7. 1 Reducing reliance on sales force5 7. 2 Introduce team based targets and reward systems5 7. 3 Survey sales force on time allocated for different job aspects6 7. 4 Set maximum amount of voluntary additional work hours6 8. Recommendations7 9. Implementations 8 10. Concluding Remarks9 11. References10 12. Turnitin Originality report11-12 Executive summaryAnnette, the newly appointed HR manager feels that Terry, the company sales manager, despite loving his job and being passionate about the work he does, is a workaholic. She is afraid that Terry will not be able to keep up with this hectic schedule and that it would soon affect his health and work life balance. Even though his working habits shine a positive light on the company, it gives a certain peer pressure to his sales team to work equally long hours even when Terry does not insist that anyone work as long as him.Furthermore, Annett does not agree with what the CEO intends to do, to give Terry recognition and reward for his dedication and outstanding result, as it is a result of extreme work habits. However, the CEO feels that no one is forcing Terry to work long hours, and might think of it as legal as it is a voluntary effort. Problem identification and analysis Harvard Analytical Framework for Human Resource Management Stake holder Long term Individual well-being disrupted burn out internal departmental stress unnecessary pressure from Terry leads to team resignation societal effect educes effectiveness of sales team from undue pressure Long term Individual well-being disrupted burn out internal departmental stress unnecessary pressure from Terry leads to team resignation societal effect reduces effectiveness of sales team from undue pressure HR outcomes Commitment to work long hours due to rewarding of extreme work attitude Non compliance to leg islation due to voluntary long hours Creates competent work force in short run due to extra hours HR outcomes Commitment to work long hours due to rewarding of extreme work attitude Non compliance to legislation due to voluntary long hoursCreates competent work force in short run due to extra hours Choices rewarding behavior job design Possible lack of technology in job Uses new sales as main cash flow generator Choices rewarding behavior job design Possible lack of technology in job Uses new sales as main cash flow generator Interests CEO HR manager TerryHRM policyHR outcomesLong-Term Sales Forcerewarding behavi Job desginCommitment Individual Compliancewell-being Situational Factors * Long work hours * Legislation * Business Strategy * dependant on sales and conditions * sales target philosophy * Task Technology * societal values Situational Factors * Long work hours * Legislation * Business Strategy * dependant on sales and conditions * sales target * philosophy * Task Technology * societal values Human resourceCongruenc Source: Beer et al (1984) One of the principal problems that are shown in the case is the willingness to reward extreme work behavior in the organization. This positive reinforcement of Terry’s working behavior will be indirectly showing to others that to gain recognition in the company, you would have to adopt extreme working behaviors like Terry.Furthermore, there is legislation that defines the working hours of a full time employee. However, the main problem is that organization allows voluntary increased working hours as it is deemed beneficial for the company. A third problem is that the company is relying heavily on its sales force to generate profit. These could be due to high sales targets given by management which Terry can only achieve by increasing working hours excessively. Statement of major problems It can be derived that the company is relying heavily on its sales force, possibly on direct sales and new customers inste ad of recurring and retention of customers.This would be directly linked to the perceived need for Terry to increase working hours dramatically to fulfill his individual sales targets. Another Critical issue lies in the voluntary non-compliance of legislation. This, coupled with higher management of not only accepting extreme work habits, but with the intention of rewarding, would indirectly tell other employees that reward and recognition comes with extreme input of work hours. Furthermore, the sales force is obliged to work equally long hours like Terry, which would eventually result in this being custom and practice.This could be due to the setting of difficult individual performance measurements in terms of sales clinched per month. 7. Generation and evaluation of alternate solutions 7. 1 Reducing reliance on sales force. There is a heavy reliance on sales force to secure customers for the company. Instead of constantly sourcing new customers to meet individual targets, the sale s force could work on retaining existing customers by practicing relationship marketing as it is more cost effective to do so.Relationship marketing is most applicable when the customer has choices of their suppliers and switching is coming and there is a continued need for the service (Berry. 2002). A great example would be the research done by Moon-Koo (2004) on Korean mobile telecommunications services which showed that the industry believes that the crucial future marketing strategy was to try to retain existing customers by increasing customer loyalty and customer value.Payne and Adrian (1994) concluded that securing of new clients is merely the first step in the marketing process, the crux lies in retaining the customer, with organizations often confirming that existing customers are not only more profitable than new customers, but also easier to sell to. The company should come up with customer loyalty schemes to retain customers, which will help the sales force with achievin g sales targets 7. 2 Introduce team based targets and reward systems Another alternate solution would be to reduce individual target and rewards, and introduce team based sales target and reward system.Hackman & Walton (1986) suggested that successful group work will contribute to the growth and personal well-being of team members. By reducing individual target and reward systems, not removing, it would ensure the sales force meet the minimum amount. However, with the team based targets and rewards in place and scaled slightly higher than the sum of all individual targets, the sales force would be motivated to strive towards achieving team based goals. Research has shown teams with difficult goals perform optimally when incentives are offered (Knight, 2001).Performance is directly influenced by goals, but incentives did not. The offer of an incentive increased the commitment of most teams with difficult goals, proving to be highly beneficial (Knight, 2001). 7. 3 Survey sales force o n time allocated for different job aspects It would be best to survey the sales force to define which area of their job takes up the most time. Asking for the employee’s feedback to improve the work system has always proved invaluable, with research showing that 360-degree feedback boosting communications and performance of their managers and organizations (Bernardin & Beatty, 1987).The 360-degree approach shows that without feedback there can only be minimal change, and that various constituencies can provide diverse viewpoints and information (London, 1993). In the research done by Marshall (1999), there is a change in communication-related technology, especially in the 1990s where there was an improvement in communication between salespeople and customers due to the reduction in salespeople travel requirements. By asking the sales force for their opinions, new systems, process and new technologies can be developed to help save time and energies.If these new technologies ar e inserted into the right parts of the job, such as online video calling existing customers to confirm advertising orders instead of travelling to meet them, a large portion of time would be saved without compromising on the quality of customer service. 7. 4 Set maximum amount of voluntary additional work hours According to Fairwork Australia website, a full time employee work an average of 38 hours per week, also under the National Employment Standards, Maximum eekly hours of work is 38 hours per week, plus reasonable additional hours. Terry is working 60 hours a week, 22 hours more than required. Even though it is voluntary, it is still a considerable health hazard to overwork consistently. Sparks et al. (1997) suggests that there is a small but significant positive trend that links increased hours of work to increased health symptoms. Buell & Breslow (1960) also found that employees who work in sedentary positions for extended hours suffer from health problems due to the lack of exercise.Having research proving that overworking consistently provides a multitude of health hazards, it can be determined that Terry is not taking reasonable care of his own health and safety which can be found under the work health and safety act Division 4 section 28- Duties of workers, while at work, a worker must: (a)   Take reasonable care for his or her own health and safety. A solution to prevent employees from voluntary overworking is to set a maximum amount of voluntary additional work hours.Regardless of whether employees are meeting their sales target within the normal working hours, they are allocated a maximum set of extra hours to either over perform or chase up to their sales targets. Recommendations In order to maintain the efficiency of the business while not impacting the overall performance of the sales department, it is recommended that a maximum amount of additional voluntary work hours be set in order to prevent working excessive extra hours as custom and p ractise.A 360 degree feedback should be carried out on the sales force to ascertain the most time consuming aspects of the job, and to develop solutions and put in place technology to save time to increase the efficiency of the sales force. Higher management would need to review the key performance indicators of the sales force, and reduce individual goals and set in place challenging team goals with additional incentives to motivate the sales force to achieve more in synergy.This would go hand in hand with the creation of customer loyalty schemes to retain existing customers, and training for the sales force would be needed to allow them to utilise the loyalty schemes to the company’s advantage. Implementations Reward Terry for dedication to firm| ASAP| Set in maximum additional voluntary work hours and explain to organization and work life balance| Immediately after rewarding Terry| 360 degree feedback of sales department| Depending on how big the sales department is. Estim ated 6 months. Review KPIs and restructure to team settings| 1 year| Creation of customer loyalty schemes| In conjunction with restructuring to team goals| Terry would need to rewarded for his stellar performance for the company, where the recognition need to be structured politically correct as to prevent others from thinking Terry is being rewarded due to him putting in excessive hours. A follow up to that would be to implement maximum additional voluntary work hours after a clear work life balance talk to the company.This would put in place that to over achieve is good, but the organization does not support extreme work behaviors. The next step would be to hire an external agent to conduct a 360 feedback on the sales department to seek to reduce time hoarding elements of the job. It is essential to review new technologies and how they would assist the department in carrying out their jobs. Proper training would have to be provided to ensure the sales forces are kept up to date wi th the new technologies.After the aspects of the job have been redefined, higher management should review the KPI of the sales department and restructure more into collectivism with individual hybrid elements to motivate the sales force to work in teams to achieve even harder goals that is ever achievable by their own. This would go in conjunction with the sales force developing customer loyalty schemes as the sales force would know what attracts their clients the most and would thus be the best equipped to develop the loyalty schemes. Concluding remarksIt is of paramount importance to not undermine the value of Terry’s work; however measures must be put in place to curb extreme work habits. The core structure of the a salesperson job aspect would need to be reviewed, so as to determine areas which can be revised with the addition of new technology to help save the time and energies of the work force. This, coupled with the restructuring the performance indicators to embrace a more collective approach by placing difficult team goals which when achieved, give higher incentives. This would motivate employees to work together in teams.Lastly, the organization needs to realize that retaining existing customers is more profitable than attracting new customers, and the company will benefit from requesting the sales force to create a customer loyalty scheme, and to incorporate it into a core component of the sale’s department duties. References 1. Bemardin, J. H. , & Beatty, R. W. (1987). Can subordinate appraisals enhance managerial productivity? Sloan Management Review, 28(4), 63-73. 2. Bud, P. & Breslow, L. (1960). Mortality from coronary heart disease in California men who work long hours. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 11, 61 5-626. 3. Hackman, J. R. amp; Walton, R. E. (1986) Leading groups in organizations. In: Designing Effective Work Groups, Goodman, P. (ed. ), pp. 72 ±119. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco 4. Kim, Moon-Koo  (03/2004). â⠂¬Å"The effects of customer satisfaction and switching barrier on customer loyalty in Korean mobile telecommunication services†. Telecommunications policy  (0308-5961),  28  (2),  Ã‚  145. DOI:  10. 1016/j. telpol. 2003. 12. 003 5. Leonard L. Berry (2002): Relationship Marketing of Services. Perspectives from 1983 and 2000, Journal of Relationship Marketing, 1:1, 59-77 6. London, Manuel  (1993). â€Å"360-degree feedback as a competitive advantage†.Human resource management  (0090-4848),  32  (2-3),  Ã‚  353. DOI:  10. 1002/hrm. 3930320211 7. Marshall, Greg  W  (01/1999). â€Å"The Current State of Sales Force Activities†. Industrial marketing management  (0019-8501),  28  (1),  Ã‚  87. DOI:  10. 1016/S0019-8501(98)00025-X 8. Knight, D. (04/2001). â€Å"THE RELATIONSHIP OF TEAM GOALS, INCENTIVES, AND EFFICACY TO STRATEGIC RISK, TACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION, AND PERFORMANCE. â€Å". Academy of Management journal  (0001-4273),   44  (2),  Ã‚  326. DOI:  10. 2307/3069459 9. Sparks, K. , Cooper, C. , Fried, Y. and Shirom, A. (1997), The effects of hours of work on health: A meta-analytic review.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70:  391–408. doi:  10. 1111/j. 2044-8325. 1997. tb00656. x 10. Payne, Adrian  (1994). â€Å"Relationship Marketing – Making the Customer Count†. Managing service quality  (0960-4529),  4  (6),  Ã‚  29. 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